Modelling the behaviour of accretion flows in X-ray binaries

Abstract

(abridged) We review how the recent increase in X-ray and radio data from black hole and neutron star binaries can be merged together with theoretical advances to give a coherent picture of the physics of the accretion flow in strong gravity. Both long term X-ray light curves, X-ray spectra, the rapid X-ray variability and the radio jet behaviour are consistent with a model where a standard outer accretion disc is truncated at low luminosities, being replaced by a hot, inner flow which also acts as the launching site of the jet. Decreasing the disc truncation radius leads to softer spectra, as well as higher frequencies (including QPO's) in the power spectra, and a faster jet. The collapse of the hot flow when the disc reaches the last stable orbit triggers the dramatic decrease in radio flux, as well as giving a qualitative (and often quantitative) explanation for the major hard--soft spectral transition seen in black holes and neutron stars. After collapse of the hot inner flow, the spectrum in black hole systems can be dominated by the disc emission. Its behaviour is consistent with the existence of a last stable orbit, and such data can be used to estimate the black hole spin. These systems can also show very different spectra at these high luminosities, in which the disc spectrum is strongly distorted by Comptonization. The structure of the accretion flow becomes increasingly uncertain as the luminosity approaches (and exceeds) the Eddington luminosity, though there is growing evidence that winds play an important role. We stress that these high Eddington fraction flows are key to understanding many disparate and currently very active fields such as ULX, Narrow Line Seyfert 1's, and the growth of the first black holes in the Early Universe.

76 pages, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics Reviews

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• Super-spinning compact objects and models of high-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations observed in Galactic microquasars. II. Forced resonances
• Determination of QPO properties in the presence of strong broad-band noise: a case study on the data of MAXI J1820+070
• Energy Extraction from a Black Hole by a Strongly Magnetized Thin Accretion Disk
• Reversibility of time series: revealing the hidden messages in X-ray binaries and cataclysmic variables
• Numerical Study on Outflows in Seyfert Galaxies I: Narrow Line Region Outflows in NGC 4151
• X-ray spectral correlations in a sample of Low-mass black hole X-ray binaries in the hard state
• Observing imprints of black hole event horizon on X-ray spectra
• Evidence for changes in the radiative efficiency of transient black hole X-ray binaries
• Testing the dynamic origin of Quasi-periodic Oscillations in MAXI J1535-571 and H 1743-322
• Vanishing hardness-flux correlation in Cygnus X-1: signs of the disc moving out
• Constraints on the radio loud/radio quiet dichotomy from the fundamental plane
• Detection of distinct power spectra in soft and hard X-ray bands in the hard state of GRS 1915+105
• Dependence of the broad Fe K$\alpha$ line on the physical parameters of AGN
• Disc-corona interaction in the heartbeat state of GRS 1915+105
• Scale invariant jets: from blazars to microquasars
• The Dynamics of Truncated Black Hole Accretion Disks I: Viscous, Hydrodynamic Case
• Two-dimensional Inflow-outflow Solution of Supercritical Accretion Flow
• Thermal Equilibrium Solutions of Black Hole Accretion Flows: Outflows VS Advection
• Long term radio monitoring of the neutron star X-ray binary Swift J1858.6-0814
• Probing the shot behaviour in Cygnus X-1 using simultaneous AstroSat-NICER observation
• An Insight-HXMT view of the mHz quasi-regular modulation phenomenon in the black hole X-ray binary 4U 1630-47
• An ultrafast outflow in the black hole candidate MAXI J1810-222?
• Reflare in MAXI J1348-630]{Evolution of disc and corona in MAXI J1348-630 during the 2019 reflare: NICER and Insight-HXMT view
• AstroSat/UVIT observations of IC4329A: Constraining the accretion disc inner radius
• Optical nebular emission following the most luminous outburst of Aquila X-1
• Variability of X-ray polarization of Cyg X-1
• Are spectral and timing correlations similar in different spectral states in black hole X-ray binaries?
• On the role and origin of nonthermal electrons in hot accretion flows
• The Luminous, Hard State Can't Be MAD
• Thermal solutions of strongly magnetized disks and the hysteresis in X-ray binaries
• Detection of a low frequency quasi-periodic oscillation in the soft state of Cygnus X-1 with Insight-HXMT
• Timescales of the chaos onset in the general relativistic Poynting-Robertson effect
• A strong negative correlation between radio loudness $R_{\mathrm{UV}}$ and optical-to-X-ray spectral index ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{ox}}$ in low-luminosity AGNs
• Evolution of Accretion Modes between Spectral States Inferred from Spectral and Timing Analysis of Cygnus X-1 with Insight-HXMT observations
• Superradiant instabilities by accretion disks in scalar-tensor theories
• Quasi-simultaneous Integral, Swift, And Nustar Observations Of The New X-ray Clocked Burster 1rxsj180408.9-342058
• A NuSTAR and Swift View of the Hard State of MAXI J1813-095
• Robust inference of neutron-star parameters from thermonuclear burst observations
• Detection of low-frequency breaks in power density spectrum of GX 339-4 in faint low/hard state observations using AstroSat data
• Swift J1728.9-3613 is a black hole X-ray binary: spectral and timing study using NICER
• On the nature of the ultraluminous X-ray source Holmberg II X-1
• Proof of principle X-ray reflection mass measurement of the black hole in H1743-322
• Microquasar jet-cocoon systems as PeVatrons
• NICER and Swift/XRT monitoring of the 2023 outburst of Swift J1727.7-1613
• The NuSTAR View of a QPO Evolution of GRS 1915+105
• Exploring the Link between the X-ray Power Spectra and Energy Spectra of Active Galactic Nuclei
• A model for the radio/X-ray correlation in three neutron star low-mass X-ray binaries 4U 1728-34, Aql X-1 and EXO 1745-248
• X-Ray Views of Galactic Accreting Pulsars in High-Mass X-Ray Binaries
• Properties of accretion flow in deformed Kerr spacetime
• Investigating the nature and properties of MAXI J1810-222 with radio and X-ray observations
• Phase-Resolved Timing Analysis of GRS 1915+105 in Its ρ State
• Far-Ultraviolet Spectroscopy Of Active Galactic Nuclei With AstroSat/UVIT
• The energy distribution of electrons in radio jets
• Characterizing the Advective Hot Flows of Nova-Like Cataclysmic Variables in the X-rays: The case of BZ Cam and V592 Cas
• The spectral-timing analysis of Cygnus X-1 with Insight-HXMT
• MeerKAT radio observations of the neutron star low-mass X-ray binary Cen X-4 at low accretion rates
• On measuring the Hubble constant with X-ray reverberation mapping of active galactic nuclei
• 1RXH J082623.6-505741: a new long-period cataclysmic variable with an evolved donor and a low mass transfer rate
• Origins of the UV/X-ray Relation in Arakelian 120
• The origin of long soft lags and the nature of the hard-intermediate state in black hole binaries
• Global Accretion Properties of Black Hole X-Ray Binaries: A Phenomenological Perspective
• Evolution of the Comptonizing medium of the black-hole candidate Swift J1727.8$-$1613 along the hard to hard-intermediate state transition using NICER
• Flux decay during thermonuclear X-ray bursts analysed with the dynamic power-law index method
• Examining AGN UV/Optical Variability Beyond the Simple Damped Random Walk. II. Insights from 22 Years Observations of SDSS, PS1 and ZTF
• The First Candidate Colliding-Wind Binary in M33
• Rapid spectral transition of the black hole binary V404 Cyg
• Properties of Faint X-ray Activity of XTE J1908+094 in 2019
• The radiative efficiency of neutron stars at low-level accretion
• Advection-dominated accretion flow for the varied transition luminosities in black hole X-ray binaries
• Observational Constraints on Direct Electron Heating in the Hot Accretion Flows in Sgr A* and M87*
• The inner flow geometry in MAXI J1820+070 during hard and hard-intermediate states
• Accretion Disc Evolution in GRO J1655-40 and LMC X-3 with Relativistic and Non-Relativistic Disc Models
• A Dependable Distance Estimator to Black Hole Low-Mass X-ray Binaries
• A quantitative explanation of the radio--X-ray correlation in black-hole X-ray binaries
• High-energy Emission from Turbulent Electron-ion Coronae of Accreting Black Holes
• Multiwavelength Observations of the Black Hole X-ray Binary MAXI J1820$+$070 in the Rebrightening Phase
• Evolution of the Accretion Disk and Corona During the Outburst of the Neutron Star Transient MAXI J1807+132
• XRISM High-Resolution X-ray Spectroscopy of Cygnus X-1 -- highly ionized Iron absorption structures
• Evidence for Low Universal Equilibrium Black Hole Spin in Luminous Magnetically Arrested Disks
• X-ray flashes from the low-mass X-ray binary IGR J17407-2808
• Anti-Correlated lags in a Neutron star Z source GX 5-1: AstroSat's View
• Probing spectral and temporal evolution of the neutron star low-mass X-ray binary 4U 1724-30 with AstroSat
• Revisiting the galactic X-ray binary MAXI J1631-479: Implications for high inclination and a massive black hole
• Magnetohydrodynamic convection in accretion discs
• A full relativistic thin disc -- the physics of the plunging region and the value of the stress at the ISCO
• Evolution of MAXI J1631-479 during the January 2019 outburst observed by INTEGRAL/IBIS
• Hot accretion flow around neutron stars
• Modeling the response of a standard accretion disc to stochastic viscous fluctuations
• Multi-band observations of Swift J0840.7-3516: a new transient ultra-compact X-ray binary candidate
• Probing the accretion geometry of the atoll source 4U 1702-429 in different spectral states with NICER, NuSTAR, and AstroSat
• Evolution of QPOs in GX 339-4 and EXO 1846-031 with Insight-HXMT and NICER
• Angular momentum transport and thermal stabilization of optically thin, advective accretion flows through large-scale magnetic fields
• Accretion disc winds in X-ray binaries
• Spectral properties of soft X-ray transient MAXI J0637$-$430 using AstroSat
• Disc wind or disc line? The extraordinary Fe-K feature of Mrk 1513
• The inner structure and thermodynamics of a thin accretion disc
• Accretion Properties and Estimation of Spin of Galactic Black Hole Candidate Swift J1728.9-3613 with NuSTAR during its 2019 outburst
• The QPO states of 4U 1630-47
• Orbital modulations of X-ray light curves of Cyg X-1 in its low/hard and high/soft states
• Compact and variable radio emission from an active galaxy with supersoft X-ray emission
• Timing Analysis of V404 Cyg during Its Brightest Outburst with INTEGRAL/SPI
• Evaluating the jet/accretion coupling of Aql X-1: probing the contribution of accretion flow spectral components
• The role of outflows in black-hole X-ray binaries
• Discovery of a transient X-ray source Suzaku J1305-4930 in NGC 4945
• Emission lines from X-ray illuminated accretion disc in black hole binaries
• QPOs in compact binaries from small scale eruptions in an inner magnetized disk
• Return of 4U~1730--22 after 49 years silence: the spectral properties of the 2021/2022 outbursts observed by NICER and Insight-HXMT and the soft-to-hard state transition caused by the propeller effect
• Multi-wavelength properties of changing-state active galactic nuclei: I. the evolution of soft excess and X-ray continuum
• The MEXSAS2 Sample and the Ensemble X-ray Variability of Quasars
• High-frequency quasi-periodic light variations from arc-shaped gas clouds falling to a black hole
• Characterising the short-orbital period X-ray transient Swift J1910.2-0546
• Fast X-ray/IR observations of the black hole transient Swift~J1753.5--0127: from an IR lead to a very long jet lag
• Universality of coronal properties in accreting black holes across mass and accretion rate
• Searching for supergiant fast X-ray transients with Swift
• The origin of UV/optical emission in the black hole low-mass X-ray binary Swift J1753.5-0127
• Detection of highly correlated optical and X-ray variations in SS Cygni with Tomo-e Gozen and NICER
• Zonal flow evolution and overstability in accretion discs
• Return of 4U~1730--22 after 49 years silence: the peculiar burst properties of the 2021/2022 outbursts observed by Insight-HXMT
• Evolution of Accretion Disk Structure of the Black Hole X-ray Binary MAXI J1820$+$070 during the Rebrightening Phase
• A Hidden Pulse: Uncovering a New Timing Signal in Cygnus X-1 with AstroSat
• A study of the cross-correlation and time lag in black hole X-ray binary XTE J1859+226
• New Transient ULX Candidate in NGC 4254: Evidence of Circumbinary Disk?
• The Study of Jet Formation Mechanism in Fermi Blazars
• X-ray spectropolarimetric characterization of the Z-source GX 340+0 in the normal branch
• 20 years of disk winds in 4U 1630-47 -- I. Long-term behavior and influence of hard X-rays
• The stress-pressure lag in MRI turbulence and its implications for thermal instability in accretion discs
• A kinetic model of jet-corona coupling in accreting black holes
• Long term variability of Swift J1753.5-0127]{Long term variability of Swift J1753.5-0127: X-ray spectral-temporal correlations during state transitions
• Detection of a Type-C QPO during the soft-to-hard transition in Swift J1727.8-1613
• Very low-frequency oscillations from the 11 Hz pulsar in Terzan 5: frame-dragging back on the table
• NGC 2403 XMM4: evidence for a super-Eddington neutron star with a possible transient pulsation
• Outer disc edge: properties of low frequency aperiodic variability in ultracompact interacting binaries
• Multiwavelength survey of X-ray sources in the Sculptor Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
• Modeling fast X-ray variability around an accreting black hole
• On the Zeeman Effect in Magnetically-Arrested Disks
• Probing the soft state evolution of 4U 1543-47 during its 2021 outburst using AstroSat
• Polarized X-rays Correlated with Short--Timescale Variability of Cygnus X-1
• A Minimal Time Scale for the Spectral States of GX 339-4
• Multi-wavelength observation of MAXI J1348$-$630 during the outburst in 2019
• Rapid Spectral Parameter Prediction for Black Hole X-Ray Binaries using Physicalised Autoencoders
• The eROSITA DR1 variability catalogue
• Tilted Accretion Disks
• Resistive Hot Accretion Flows with Anisotropic Pressure
• Two-temperature radiative hot accretion flow around neutron stars
• Parameter constraints for accreting millisecond pulsars with synthetic NICER data
• A Temporal Scale to Track the Spectral Transitions in Low-Mass X-ray Binaries
• Sub-second variability in black-hole X-ray binary jets
• A solution to the tension of burning on neutron stars and nuclear physics
• Accretion with two-phase gas supply and its application in black hole X-ray binaries
• Analysis of accretion disc structure and stability using open code for vertical structure
• Swift J1753.5-0127 : Understanding the accretion geometry through frequency resolved spectroscopy
• NICER observations of type-I X-ray bursts from the ultra-compact X-ray binary M15 X-2
• Spectro-polarimetric study to constrain accretion-ejection properties of MCG-5-23-16 using IXPE and NuSTAR observations
• Radiative feedbacks as drivers for quasi-periodic-oscillation activity in black-hole X-ray binaries
• XMM-Newton observation of V1504 Cyg as a probe for the existence of an evaporated corona
• Black holes: accretion processes in X-ray binaries
• Misalignment of the Lense-Thirring precession by an accretion torque
• Investigating disc-corona interaction in axisymmetric accretion disc models
• Possible Coronal Geometry in the Hard and Soft State of Black Hole X-ray Binaries from MONK Simulations
• Characteristics of the High-frequency Humps in the Black hole X-ray Binary Swift J1727.8--1613
• Transient jet ejections associated with limit-cycle behaviors in the very high state of black hole binaries
• Identification of three new ultraluminous X-ray sources in NGC 4631 and NGC 1097: Evidence for stellar-mass black holes
• Probing Heavily Obscured AGN in Major Galaxy Mergers Using the mm-X-ray Correlation
• Return of the Clocked Burster: Exceptionally Short Recurrence Time in GS 1826-238
• A Fundamental Plane in X-ray Binary Activity of External Galaxies
• Identifying Changing-Look AGN Transitions in Light Curve Data with the Zwicky Transient Facility
• The Peculiar X-ray Transient Swift J0840.7-3516: an Unusual Low Mass X-ray Binary or a Tidal Disruption Event?
• Untangling the Complex Nature of AGN Variability with Fairall 9
• Effects of Strong Photospheric Dissipation on the Spectra and Structure of Accretion Disks with Non-zero Inner Torque
• Accretion Geometry of Black Hole X-ray Binaries: Insights from X-ray Observations
• Reprocessing from highly ionized gas in the soft spectral state of V4641 Sgr with NuSTAR
• Tracking the evolution of the accretion flow in MAXI J1820+070 during its hard state with the JED-SAD model
• Optical and X-ray timing analysis of the 2018-2020 outburst and rebrightening of the black-hole transient MAXI J1820+070
• A Monte Carlo Study of the Spectra from Inhomogeneous Accretion Flow
• Testing Relativistic Accretion Disk Models with GRO J1655-40
• NICER Spectral and Timing Analysis of 4U 1630$-$47 and its Heartbeat State
• Ultraviolet spectroscopy of the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820+070 across a state transition
• Algorithms and radiation dynamics for the vicinity of black holes I. Methods and codes
• Winds versus jets: a comparison between black hole feedback modes in simulations of idealized galaxy groups and clusters
• Resolving SLX 1744-299 and SLX 1744-300 in the hard X-ray band: implications for their ultracompact nature
• Broadband variability study of MAXI J1631-479 in its Hard-Intermediate State observed with Insight-HXMT
• X-ray polarization observations of NGC 2110 with IXPE
• X-ray and Gamma-ray Emission from a High-Temperature Plasma and the Spectra of Accreting Black Holes
• Unprecedentedly bright X-ray flaring in Cygnus X-1 observed by INTEGRAL
• Evolution of X-ray and optical rapid variability during the low/hard state in the 2018 outburst of MAXI J1820+070 = ASASSN-18ey
• On The Nature of Einstein Probe Transient EP250916a: Insights from X-ray, Optical, and Radio Observations
• Fourier spectral-timing techniques for the study of accreting black holes
• Semi-Analytical Model for Wind-Fed Black Hole High-Mass X-ray Binaries -- State Transition Triggered by Magnetic Fields from the Companion Star --
• Time Domain Astronomy with the THESEUS Satellite
• AT2024lhc and AT2024kmq in the landscape of featureless tidal disruption events
• A multi-wavelength study of GRS 1716-249 in outburst : constraints on its system parameters
• A NICER and AstroSat view of the neutron star low-mass X-ray binary 1A 1246-588
• Multimission Observations of GS 1354-64 during the 2025-2026 Outburst: First Results
• Probing heartbeat oscillations from the black hole X-ray binary GRS 1915+105 using spectral-timing analysis
• Lags of the KiloHertz Quasi-Periodic Oscillations in the transient source XTE J1701$-$462
• A high-resolution X-ray view of the ultra-fast outflow in MAXI J1810-222
• X-ray Polarization of Inverse Compton Scattering by Thermal and Nonthermal Electrons
• Multi-band power color-color diagrams of three black hole X-ray binaries observed with Insight-HXMT
• Galactic X-ray Transients in the First eROSITA All Sky Survey
• Rapid far-infrared spectral timing of X-ray binaries with PRIMA
• Spectral signature of mass outflow in Two Component Advective Flow Paradigm
• Is the Peculiar Galactic Center Transient Swift J174610.4-290018 A Nova Outburst?
• A New Approach for Testing Einstein's Theory of Gravity Close to Rapidly Spinning Black Holes
• On the origin of core radio emissions from black hole sources in the realm of relativistic shocked accretion flow