Time-lag between disk and corona radiation leads to hysteresis effect observed in black-hole X-ray binary MAXI J1348-630

Abstract

Accretion is an essential physical process in black-hole X-ray binaries (BHXRBs) and active galactic nuclei. The properties of accretion flows and their radiation were originally considered to be uniquely determined by the mass accretion rate of the disk; however, the ``hysteresis effect'' observed during outbursts of nearly all BHXRBs seriously challenges this paradigm. The hysteresis effect is referred to that the hard-to-soft state transition in the fast-rise stage occurs at much higher luminosity than the soft-to-hard state transition in the slow-decay stage. That is, the same source can show different spectral/temporal properties at the same luminosity. Phenomenologically, this effect is also represented as the so-called ``q''-shaped hardness-intensity diagram, which has been proposed as a unified scene for BHXRBs. However, there is still a lack of quantitative theoretical interpretation and observational understanding on the ``q''-diagram. Here, we present a detailed time-lag analysis of a recently found BHXRB, MAXI J1348-630, intensively monitored by Insight-HXMT over a broad energy band (1-150 keV). We find the first observational evidence that the observed time-lag between radiations of the accretion disk and the corona leads naturally to the hysteresis effect and the ``q''-diagram. Moreover, complemented by the quasi-simultaneous Swift data, we achieve a panorama of the accretion flow: the hard X-ray outburst from the corona heats and subsequently induces the optical brightening in the outer disk with nearly no lag; thereafter, the enhanced accretion in the outer disk propagates inward, generating the delayed soft X-ray outburst at the viscous timescale of ~ 8-12 days.

arXiv comment8 pages, 7 figures, published in ApJL

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Cited by in corpus (7)

• Transitions and Origin of the Type-B Quasi-Periodic Oscillation in the Black Hole X-ray Binary MAXI~ J1348--630
• Peculiar disk behaviors of the black hole candidate MAXI J1348-630 in the hard state observed by Insight-HXMT and Swift
• Trace the Accretion Geometry of H 1743--322 with Type C Quasi-periodic Oscillations in Multiple Outbursts
• A possible overall scenario for the outburst evolution of MAXI J1820+070 revealed by Insight-HXMT
• A moderate spin for the black hole in X-ray binary MAXI J1348-630 revealed by Insight-HXMT
• X-ray spectral-timing variability of 1A 0535+262 during the 2020 giant outburst
• Misalignment of the Lense-Thirring precession by an accretion torque