The K20 survey. I. Disentangling old and dusty star-forming galaxies in the ERO population

Abstract

We present the results of VLT optical spectroscopy of a complete sample of 78 EROs with R-Ks\geq5 over a field of 52 arcmin^2. About 70% of the 45 EROs with Ks\leq19.2 have been spectroscopically identified with old passively evolving and dusty star-forming galaxies at 0.7<z<1.5. The two classes are about equally populated and for each of them we present and discuss the average spectrum. From the old ERO average spectrum and for Z=Z_{\odot} we derive a minimum age of \sim 3 Gyr, corresponding to a formation redshift of z_f \gtsima 2.4. PLE models with such formation redshifts well reproduce the density of old EROs (consistent with being passively evolving ellipticals), whereas the predictions of the current hierarchical merging models are lower than the observed densities by large factors (up to an order of magnitude). From the average spectrum of the star-forming EROs we estimate a substantial dust extinction with E(B-V) \gtsima 0.5. The star formation rates, corrected for the average reddening, suggest a significant contribution from EROs to the cosmic star-formation density at z \sim 1.

5 pages, 3 figures, to appear in Astronomy & Astrophysics Letters

References in corpus (22)

• Star Formation in Galaxies Along the Hubble Sequence
• The Dust Content and Opacity of Actively Star-Forming Galaxies
• Starburst99: Synthesis Models for Galaxies with Active Star Formation
• The Nature of High-Redshift Galaxies
• First Results from the X-ray and Optical Survey of the Chandra Deep Field South
• The K-Band Galaxy Luminosity Function
• Evolution of the Hubble Sequence in Hierarchical Models for Galaxy Formation
• The Ages of Elliptical Galaxies in a Merger Model
• LBDS 53W091: An Old red Galaxy at z=1.552
• Optical Spectral Signatures of Dusty Starburst Galaxies
• Constraints on the Early Formation of Field Elliptical Galaxies
• The Las Campanas IR Survey: Early Type Galaxy Progenitors Beyond Redshift One
• Vigorous star formation hidden by dust in a galaxy at $z=1.4$
• The Spectroscopic Redshift of an Extremely Red Object and the Nature of the Very Red Galaxy Population
• The Surface Density of Extremely Red Objects
• High spatial resolution observations of CUDSS14A: a SCUBA-selected Ultraluminous galaxy at high redshift
• The Spatial Clustering of Distant, z~1, Early-Type Galaxies
• Caltech Faint Galaxy Redshift Survey VII: Data Analysis Techniques and Redshifts in the Field J0053+1234
• Discovery of an extremely red galaxy at z=0.65 with dusty star-formation and nuclear activity
• Deep HST imaging surveys and the formation of spheroidal galaxies
• A Massive Disk Galaxy at z=1.34
• The first ISO ERO: a dusty quasar at z = 1.5

Cited by in corpus (214)

• The Environmental Dependence of the Relations between Stellar Mass, Structure, Star Formation and Nuclear Activity in Galaxies
• Nearly 5000 Distant Early-Type Galaxies in COMBO-17: a Red Sequence and its Evolution since z~1
• The SINS survey: SINFONI Integral Field Spectroscopy of z ~ 2 Star-forming Galaxies
• Galaxy Luminosity Functions to z~1: DEEP2 vs. COMBO-17 and Implications for Red Galaxy Formation
• A Physical Model for the Co-evolution of QSOs and of their Spheroidal Hosts
• Passively Evolving Early-type Galaxies at 1.4<z<2.5 in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field
• UltraVISTA: a new ultra-deep near-infrared survey in COSMOS
• A new photometric technique for the joint selection of star-forming and passive galaxies at 1.4<z<2.5
• The Stellar, Gas and Dynamical Masses of Star-Forming Galaxies at z~2
• The Evolution of the Global Stellar Mass Density at 0 < z < 3
• Age and Metallicity Distribution of the Galactic Bulge from Extensive Optical and Near-IR Stellar Photometry
• Old Galaxies in the Young Universe
• The Galaxy Mass Function up to z=4 in the GOODS-MUSIC sample: into the epoch of formation of massive galaxies
• The VIMOS VLT Deep Survey - First epoch VVDS-Deep survey: 11564 spectra with 17.5<=IAB<=24, and the redshift distribution over 0< z <=5
• Stellar Population Diagnostics of Elliptical Galaxy Formation
• H-alpha Observations of a Large Sample of Galaxies at z~2: Implications for Star Formation in High Redshift Galaxies
• Radiative feedback from massive black holes in elliptical galaxies. AGN flaring and central starburst fueled by recycled gas
• The VIMOS Ultra-Deep Survey: ~10,000 galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts to study galaxy assembly at early epochs 2<z<~6
• Galaxies at z~6: The UV Luminosity Function and Luminosity Density from 506 UDF, UDF-Ps, and GOODS i-dropouts
• Red Nuggets at z~1.5: Compact passive galaxies and the formation of the Kormendy Relation
• Population Synthesis in the Blue IV: Accurate Model Predictions for Lick Indices and UBV Colors in Single Stellar Populations
• The K20 survey. VI. The Distribution of the Stellar Masses in Galaxies up to z~2
• Spitzer Observations of Massive Red Galaxies at High Redshift
• The GOODS-MUSIC sample: a multicolour catalog of near-IR selected galaxies in the GOODS-South field
• The VIMOS VLT Deep Survey: Public release of 1599 redshifts to IAB<=24 across the Chandra Deep Field South
• The SINS survey: modeling the dynamics of z~2 galaxies and the high-z Tully-Fisher relation
• Clustering of Submillimeter-Selected Galaxies
• Large Area Survey for z=7 Galaxies in SDF and GOODS-N: Implications for Galaxy Formation and Cosmic Reionization
• Mass downsizing and "top-down" assembly of early-type galaxies
• The high redshift galaxy population in hierarchical galaxy formation models
• The Rest-Frame Optical Luminosity Density, Color, and Stellar Mass Density of the Universe from z=0 to z=3
• The COSMOS-WIRCam near-infrared imaging survey: I: BzK selected passive and star forming galaxy candidates at z>1.4
• Unveiling obscured accretion in the Chandra Deep Field South
• The Dead Sequence: A Clear Bimodality in Galaxy Colors from z=0 to z=2.5
• The K20 survey. VII. The spectroscopic catalogue: spectral properties and evolution of the galaxy population
• The Munich Near--Infrared Cluster Survey (MUNICS) -- VI. The stellar masses of K-band selected field galaxies to z ~ 1.2
• Evolved Galaxies at z > 1.5 from the Gemini Deep Deep Survey: The Formation Epoch of Massive Stellar Systems
• The Build-up of the Colour-Magnitude Relation as a Function of Environment
• The evolution of the near-IR galaxy Luminosity Function and colour bimodality up to z ~ 2 from the UKIDSS Ultra Deep Survey Early Data Release
• NICMOS Imaging of DRGs in the HDF-S: A Relation Between Star-Formation and Size at z ~ 2.5
• A Census of Star-Forming Galaxies in the z~9-10 Universe based on HST+Spitzer Observations Over 19 CLASH clusters: Three Candidate z~9-10 Galaxies and Improved Constraints on the Star Formation Rate Density at z~9
• The far-infrared/radio correlation and radio spectral index of galaxies in the SFR-M* plane up to z 2
• A new model of galaxy formation: How sensitive are predicted galaxy luminosities to the choice of SPS model?
• The WIRCam Deep Survey I: Counts, colours and mass-functions derived from near-infrared imaging in the CFHTLS deep fields
• The K20 survey. V The evolution of the near-IR Luminosity Function
• The Rest-Frame Optical Properties of SCUBA Galaxies
• The K20 survey. III. Photometric and spectroscopic properties of the sample
• Near-IR bright galaxies at z~2. Entering the spheroid formation epoch ?
• Lyman Break Galaxies and the Star Formation Rate of the Universe at z~6
• The DEEP Groth Strip Galaxy Redshift Survey. III. Redshift Catalog and Properties of Galaxies
• Dust Formation in Very Massive Primordial Supernovae
• Stellar Populations and Kinematics of Red Galaxies at z>2: Implications for the Formation of Massive Galaxies
• The Abundance of Distant and Extremely Red Galaxies: The Role of AGN Feedback in Hierarchical Models
• A wide area survey for high-redshift massive galaxies. I. Number counts and clustering of BzKs and EROs
• A new measurement of the evolving near-infrared galaxy luminosity function out to z~4: a continuing challenge to theoretical models of galaxy formation
• Keck Deep Fields. II. The UV Galaxy Luminosity Function at z~4, 3, and 2
• The assembly of massive galaxies from NIR observations of the Hubble Deep Field South
• A deep VLA survey at 6 cm in the Lockman Hole
• HST imaging and Keck Spectroscopy of z~6 I-band Drop-Out Galaxies in the ACS GOODS Fields
• The Stellar Mass Density at z~6 from Spitzer Imaging of i-drop Galaxies
• The evolution of early-type galaxies at z~1 from the K20 survey
• The FLAMINGOS Extragalactic Survey
• CLASH: A Census of Magnified Star-Forming Galaxies at z ~ 6-8
• Detection of strong clustering of red K-selected galaxies at 2<z_phot<4 in the Hubble Deep Field South
• Photometric Redshifts for Galaxies in the GOODS Southern Field
• The COSMOS2015 galaxy stellar mass function: 13 billion years of stellar mass assembly in 10 snapshots
• Integrated Spectroscopy of Bulge Globular Clusters and Fields. II. Implications for stellar population models and elliptical galaxies
• The Clustering, Number Counts and Morphology of Extremely Red (R-K>5) Galaxies to K=21
• The K20 survey. IV. The redshift distribution of Ks<20 galaxies: a test of galaxy formation models
• The VIMOS-VLT Deep Survey. Color bimodality and the mix of galaxy populations up to z~2
• Morphologies and Spectral Energy Distributions of Extremely Red Galaxies in the GOODS-South Field
• Cosmic evolution of the galaxy mass and luminosity functions by morphological type from multi-wavelength data in the CDF-South
• The Diversity of Extremely Red Objects
• Measuring the cosmic evolution of dark energy with baryonic oscillations in the galaxy power spectrum
• A comparison among LBGs, DRGs and BzK galaxies: their contribution to the stellar mass density in the GOODS-MUSIC sample
• Hypernova Signatures in the Late Rebrightening of GRB 050525A
• XMM-Newton observations of Extremely Red Objects and the link with luminous, X-ray obscured Quasars
• The Gemini Deep Deep Survey: VIII. When Did Early-type Galaxies Form?
• Group, field and isolated early-type galaxies II. Global trends from nuclear data
• The Masses, Ancestors and Descendents of Extremely Red Objects: Constraints from Spatial Clustering
• The VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS): A quiescent formation of massive red-sequence galaxies over the past 9 Gyr
• AGN Feedback on the Intracluster Medium
• CANDELS: The correlation between galaxy morphology and star formation activity at z~2
• ZFIRE: A KECK/MOSFIRE Spectroscopic Survey of Galaxies in Rich Environments at z~2
• A VLT spectroscopic survey of RX J0152.7-1357, a forming cluster of galaxies at z=0.837
• Nebular Excitation in z~2 Star-forming Galaxies from the SINS and LUCI Surveys: The Influence of Shocks and AGN
• The Multiwavelength Survey by Yale-Chile (MUSYC): Wide K-band Imaging, Photometric Catalogs, Clustering and Physical Properties of Galaxies at z~2
• Morphologies and Color Gradients of Luminous Evolved Galaxies at z~1.5
• The HELLAS2XMM survey. V. Near-Infrared observations of X-ray sources with extreme X/O ratios
• The VIMOS VLT Deep Survey: Tracing the galaxy stellar mass assembly history over the last 8Gyr
• On the Assembly History of Early-Type Galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field North
• The Nature, Evolution, Clustering and X-ray Properties of Extremely Red Galaxies in the CDFS/GOODS field
• Reproducing the assembly of massive galaxies within the hierarchical cosmogony
• Massive galaxies & EROs at z=1-3 in cosmological hydrodynamic simulations: near-IR properties
• HST/WFPC2 Morphologies of K-selected Extremely Red Galaxies
• The Number Density of Old Passively-Evolving Galaxies at z=1 in the Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey Field
• Massive and Red Objects predicted by a semianalytical model of galaxy formation
• The Munich Near-Infrared Cluster Survey (MUNICS) -- II. The K-Band Luminosity Function of Field Galaxies to z ~ 1.2
• Red galaxy overdensities and the varied cluster environments of powerful radio sources with z~1.6
• The K20 survey. II. The Different Spatial Clustering of z~1 Old and Dusty Star-Forming EROs
• The manifold spectra and morphologies of EROs
• Satellite Quenching and Galactic Conformity at 0.3 < z < 2.5
• Star Formation in a Stellar Mass Selected Sample of Galaxies to z=3 from the GOODS NICMOS Survey (GNS)
• The Las Campanas Infra-red Survey. V. Keck Spectroscopy of a large sample of Extremely Red Objects
• Exploring HeII$\lambda$1640 emission line properties at $z\sim 2-4$
• Spectral Energy Distributions of Dusty Galaxies
• Four IRAC Sources with an Extremely Red H-[3.6] Color: Passive or Dusty Galaxies at z>4.5?
• Limits on the luminosity function of Ly-alpha emitters at z = 7.7
• An H-band survey of the Herschel Deep Field
• The Gemini Deep Deep Survey: II. Metals in Star-Forming Galaxies at Redshift 1.3<z<2
• The clustering and abundance of star-forming and passive galaxies at $z\sim 2$
• Galaxy evolution from deep multi-wavelength Infrared surveys: a prelude to Herschel
• The Clustering Evolution of Distant Red Galaxies in the GOODS-MUSIC Sample
• A large population of galaxies 9 to 12 billion years back in the history of the Universe
• The colour selection of distant galaxies in the UKIDSS Ultra-Deep Survey Early Data Release
• Observational tests of the evolution of spheroidal galaxies
• Rest-frame UV--Optically Selected Galaxies at 2.3<z<3.5: Searching for Dusty Star-forming and Passively-Evolving Galaxies
• Unveiling the Important Role of Groups in the Evolution of Massive Galaxies: Insights from an Infrared Passive Sequence at Intermediate Redshift
• Evolution of Elliptical Galaxies at z >~ 1 Revealed from a Large, Multicolor Sample of Extremely Red Objects
• The Vimos VLT Deep Survey: Compact structures in the CDFS
• New H-band Galaxy Number Counts: A Large Local Hole in the Galaxy Distribution?
• HST/WFPC2 morphologies and bar structures of field galaxies at 0.4<z<1
• Evolutionary paths among different red galaxy types at 0.3 < z < 1.5 and the late buildup of massive E-S0's through major mergers
• Semi-Analytic Model Predictions of the Galaxy Population in Proto-clusters
• On Contamination and Completeness in z>5 Lyman Break Galaxy Surveys
• Ages and Metallicities of Extragalactic Globular Clusters from Spectral and Photometric Fits of Stellar Population Synthesis Models
• Optical Spectroscopy of K-selected Extremely Red Galaxies
• High-z massive galaxies in the HDF-South
• Massive z ~ 1.3 evolved galaxies revealed
• The Clustering of Extragalactic Extremely Red Objects
• The Properties of Galaxies at z>5
• On the reliability of merger-trees and the mass growth histories of dark matter haloes
• Overdensities of Extremely Red Objects in the Fields of High-Redshift Radio-Loud Quasars
• A combined VANDELS and LEGA-C study: the evolution of quiescent galaxy size, stellar mass and age from $\text{z}=0.6$ to $\text{z}=1.3$
• The short-duration GRB 050724 host galaxy in the context of the long-duration GRB hosts
• The evolution of Ks-selected galaxies in the GOODS/CDFS deep ISAAC field
• Extremely Red Objects: an X-ray dichotomy
• The star formation rate at redshift one: H-alpha spectroscopy with CIRPASS
• Selection of massive evolved galaxies at $3\le z\le 4.5$ in the CANDELS fields
• Deep GMOS Spectroscopy of Extremely Red Galaxies in GOODS-South: Ellipticals, Mergers and Red Spirals at 1<z<2
• A deeper view of Extremely Red Galaxies: the redshift distribution in the GOODS/CDFS ISAAC field
• Dependence of Star Formation Activity On Stellar Mass and Environment From the Redshift One LDSS-3 Emission Line Survey (ROLES)
• The VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS): spectral classification through Principal Component Analysis
• The Rising Stellar Velocity Dispersion of M87 from Integrated Starlight
• Clustering properties of high redshift red galaxies in SA22 from the UKIDSS DXS
• An HST Morphological Survey of Faint EROs
• Classification of Extremely Red Objects in the COSMOS Field
• In and out star formation in z~1.5 quiescent galaxies from rest-frame UV spectroscopy and the far-infrared
• Extremely Red Objects in The Lockman Hole
• Possible identification of massive and evolved galaxies At z > 5
• The Lack of Structural and Dynamical Evolution of Elliptical Galaxies since z ~ 1.5: Clues from Self-Consistent Hydrodynamical Simulations
• Massive, red galaxies in a hierarchical universe I. Counts of Extremely Red Objects and basic properties
• Spitzer Observations of the Prototypical Extremely Red Objects HR10 and LBDS53W091: Separating Dusty Starbursts from Old Elliptical Galaxies
• On the buildup of massive early-type galaxies at z<~1. I- Reconciling their hierarchical assembly with mass-downsizing
• A new (2+1)D cluster finding algorithm based on photometric redshifts: large scale structure in the Chandra Deep Field South
• Host Galaxies of Luminous Quasars: Structural Properties and the Fundamental Plane
• Extremely red galaxies: dust attenuation and classification
• The Subillimeter Properties of Extremely Red Objects in the CUDSS Fields
• The SCUBA HAlf Degree Extragalactic Survey (SHADES) -- V. Submillimetre properties of near-infrared--selected galaxies in the Subaru/XMM--Newton deep field
• The Submillimeter Properties of Extremely Red Objects
• Dusty ERO Search behind Two Massive Clusters
• The Phoenix Deep Survey: the clustering and the environment of Extremely Red Objects
• The contribution of very massive high-redshift SWIRE galaxies to the stellar mass function
• The Mass-Dependent Clustering History of K-selected Galaxies at z < 4 in the SXDS/UDS Field
• The numbers of z~2 star-forming and passive galaxies in 2.5 square degrees of deep CFHT imaging
• Number Counts of Bright Extremely Red Objects: Evolved Massive Galaxies at z~1
• Passive and star-forming galaxies at $1.4\le z\le 2.5$ in the Aegis field
• The ESO-Spitzer Imaging extragalactic Survey (ESIS) II: VIMOS I,z wide field imaging of ELAIS-S1 and selection of distant massive galaxies
• Search for z~7 Ly-alpha emitters with Suprime-Cam at the Subaru Telescope
• Search for z~6.96 Ly-alpha emitters with Magellan/IMACS in the COSMOS field
• On the Stellar Populations in Faint Red Galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field
• The active and passive populations of Extremely Red Objects
• On the Formation of Giant Elliptical Galaxies and Globular Clusters
• Stellar Populations of Luminous Evolved Galaxies at z~1.5
• Clustering of Extremely Red Objects in Elais-N1 from the UKIDSS DXS with optical photometry from Pan-STARRS1 and Subaru
• The Phoenix Deep Survey: The star-formation rates and the stellar masses of EROs
• The DRaGONS Survey: A Search for High Redshift Radio Galaxies And Heavily Obscured AGNs
• Massive, red galaxies in a hierarchical universe-II Clustering of Extremely Red Objects
• Properties of Extremely Red Objects in an Overdense Region
• Extremely Red Objects in Two Quasar Fields at z ~ 1.5
• On the colour-colour properties of the Extremely Red Objects
• The Clustering of Extremely Red Objects
• Large scale structures around radio galaxies at z~1.5
• GTC Observations of an Overdense Region of LAEs at z=6.5
• The nature of the red disk-like galaxies at high redshift: dust attenuation and intrinsically red stellar populations
• Large-Scale Gas Dynamics in the Adhesion Model: Implications for the Two-Phase Massive Galaxy Formation Scenario
• Panchromatic Estimation of Star Formation Rates in BzK Galaxies at 1<z<3
• The WIRCam Ultra Deep Survey (WUDS) I. Survey overview and UV luminosity functions at z~5 and z~6
• The connection between stellar mass, age and quenching timescale in massive quiescent galaxies at $z\simeq 1$
• A low mass cluster of extremely red galaxies at z=1.10 in the GOODS Southern Field
• Optical to Near-IR Spectrum of a Massive Evolved Galaxy at z = 1.26
• On the discovery of the first 350 micron-selected galaxy
• Near-infrared spectroscopy of 5 ultra-massive galaxies at 1.7 < z < 2.7
• Number Density Evolution of Ks -band Selected High Redshift Galaxy Populations in the AKARI North Ecliptic Pole Field
• Clustering and descendants of MUSYC galaxies at z<1.5
• The density and masses of obscured Black Holes
• Galaxy Colours in the AKARI Deep SEP Survey
• An Overdensity of Extremely Red Objects Around Faint Mid-IR galaxies
• The Evolution of Early-type Galaxies Selected by Their Spatial Clustering
• On the nature of red galaxies: the Chandra perspective
• The many flavours of photometric redshifts
• A $K_s$-band selected catalogue of objects in the ALHAMBRA survey
• X-ray Identifications of FIRST Radio Sources in the xBootes Field
• A Large Massive Quiescent Galaxy Sample at z~1.2
• Quasar Host Galaxies and the $M_{SMBH}$ - ${\sigma }_{\ast }$ Relation
• The formation and evolution of field massive galaxies
• Hard X-ray observations of Extremely Red Objects
• Modelling the evolution of dusty starburst galaxies in multi-band deep surveys
• The Bright Ages Survey. I. Imaging Data
• The Evolution of the Hubble Sequence: morpho-kinematics of distant galaxies
• The surface density of Extremely Red Objects in high-z quasar fields
• Clustering around radio galaxies at z~1.5
• The spatial clustering of radio sources in NVSS and FIRST; implications for galaxy clustering evolution
• Spitzer 24micron Observations of Optical/Near-IR Selected Extremely Red Galaxies: Evidence for Assembly of Massive Galaxies at z~1-2 ?