IRAS4A1: Multi-wavelength continuum analysis of a very flared Class 0 disk

Abstract

Understanding the formation of substructures in protoplanetary disks is vital for gaining insights into dust growth and the process of planet formation. Studying these substructures in highly embedded Class 0 objects using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), however, poses significant challenges. Nonetheless, it is imperative to do so to unravel the mechanisms and timing behind the formation of these substructures. In this study, we present high-resolution ALMA data at Bands 6 and 4 of the NGC1333 IRAS4A Class 0 protobinary system. This system consists of two components, A1 and A2, separated by 1.8" and located in the Perseus molecular cloud at $\sim$293 pc distance. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the dust properties and formation of substructures in the early stages, we conducted a multi-wavelength analysis of IRAS4A1. Additionally, we sought to address whether the lack of observed substructures in very young disks, could be attributed to factors such as high degrees of disk flaring and large scale heights. To explore this phenomenon, we employed radiative transfer models using RADMC-3D. Our multi-wavelength analysis of A1 discovered characteristics such as high dust surface density, substantial dust mass within the disk, and elevated dust temperatures. These findings suggest the presence of large dust grains compared to the ones in the interstellar medium (ISM), greater than 100 microns in size within the region. Furthermore, while there's no direct detection of any substructure, our models indicate that some, such as a small gap, must be present. In summary, this result implies that disk substructures may be masked or obscured by a large scale height in combination with a high degree of flaring in Class 0 disks. [Abridged]

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in A&A, 13 pages, 7 figures

References in corpus (50)

• First Results from High Angular Resolution ALMA Observations Toward the HL Tau Region
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): I. Motivation, Sample, Calibration, and Overview
• A Major Asymmetric Dust Trap in a Transition Disk
• A multi-scale multi-frequency deconvolution algorithm for synthesis imaging in radio interferometry
• Gaps and Rings in an ALMA Survey of Disks in the Taurus Star-forming Region
• The effect of dust settling on the appearance of protoplanetary disks
• Dust and Gas in the disc of HL Tauri: Surface density, dust settling, and dust-to-gas ratio
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): VII. The Planet-Disk Interactions Interpretation
• Gaps, Rings, and Non-Axisymmetric Structures in Protoplanetary Disks - From Simulations to ALMA Observations
• Trapping dust particles in the outer regions of protoplanetary disks
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): V. Interpreting ALMA maps of protoplanetary disks in terms of a dust model
• Spiral Density Waves in a Young Protoplanetary Disk
• Sintering-induced Dust Ring Formation in Protoplanetary Disks: Application to the HL Tau Disk
• Observational Signatures of Planets in Protoplanetary Disks I: Gaps Opened by Single and Multiple Young Planets in Disks
• The VLA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity Survey of Perseus Protostars (VANDAM). II. Multiplicity of Protostars in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• PROSAC: A Submillimeter Array Survey of Low-Mass Protostars. I. Overview of Program: Envelopes, Disks, Outflows and Hot Cores
• PROSAC: A Submillimeter Array survey of low-mass protostars. II. The mass evolution of envelopes, disks, and stars from the Class 0 through I stages
• One Solution to the Mass Budget Problem for Planet Formation: Optically Thick Disks with Dust Scattering
• Dust masses of young disks: constraining the initial solid reservoir for planet formation
• Four annular structures in a protostellar disk less than 500,000 years old
• Observations of edge-on protoplanetary disks with ALMA I. Results from continuum data
• The Radial Distribution of Dust Particles in the HL Tau Disk from ALMA and VLA Observations
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): III. Spiral Structures in the Millimeter Continuum of the Elias 27, IM Lup, and WaOph 6 Disks
• Characterizing young protostellar disks with the CALYPSO IRAM-PdBI survey: large Class 0 disks are rare
• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk). I. Overview of the Program and First Results
• The anomalously low (sub)millimeter spectral indices of some protoplanetary disks may be explained by dust self-scattering
• Mapping Distances Across the Perseus Molecular Cloud Using CO Observations, Stellar Photometry, and Gaia DR2 Parallax Measurements
• Characterizing the dust content of disk substructures in TW Hya
• Low dust emissivities and radial variations in the envelopes of Class 0 protostars: a signature of early grain growth?
• Dust distribution in protoplanetary disks - Vertical settling and radial migration
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Perseus Protostars. VI. Characterizing the Formation Mechanism for Close Multiple Systems
• Distribution of solids in the rings of the HD 163296 disk: a multiwavelength study
• Midplane temperature and outer edge of the protoplanetary disk around HD 163296
• Jet multiplicity in the proto-binary system NGC1333-IRAS4A. The detailed CALYPSO IRAM-PdBI view
• Helical Magnetic Fields in the NGC1333 IRAS 4A Protostellar Outflows
• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk). II. Limited Dust Settling and Prominent Snow Surfaces in the Edge-on Class I Disk IRAS 04302+2247
• Effects of scattering, temperature gradients, and settling on the derived dust properties of observed protoplanetary disks
• High Resolution 8 mm and 1 cm Polarization of IRAS 4A from the VLA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey
• What Produces Dust Polarization in the HH 212 Protostellar Disk at 878 μm: Dust Self-Scattering or Dichroic Extinction?
• An analytical model of radial dust trapping in protoplanetary disks
• The Mass Accretion Rate and Stellar Properties in Class I Protostars
• Seeds of Life in Space (SOLIS). VI. Chemical evolution of sulfuretted species along the outflows driven by the low-mass protostellar binary NGC1333-IRAS4A
• Porous Dust Particles in Protoplanetary Disks: Application to the HL Tau Disk
• Structure Formation in a Young Protoplanetary Disk by a Magnetic Disk Wind
• Modest dust settling in the IRAS04302+2247 Class I protoplanetary disk
• Temperature profiles of young disk-like structures: The case of IRAS 16293A
• The Class 0 Protostar BHR71: Herschel Observations and Dust Continuum Models
• Growing dust grains in protoplanetary discs - III. Vertical settling
• ALMA Observations toward the S-shaped Outflow and the Envelope around NGC1333 IRAS 4A2
• A millimeter-multiwavelength continuum study of VLA 1623 West

Cited by in corpus (8)

• CO2-rich protoplanetary discs as a probe of dust radial drift & trapping
• Into the thick of it: ALMA 0.45 mm observations of HL Tau at 2 au resolution
• Solving for the 2D Water Snowline with Hydrodynamic Simulations. Emergence of gas outflow, water cycle and temperature plateau
• FAUST. XVIII. Evidence for annular substructure in a very young Class 0 disk
• FAUST XXVI. The dust opacity spectral indices of protostellar envelopes bridge the gap between interstellar medium and disks
• Hidden under a warm blanket: If planets existed in protostellar disks, they would hardly produce observable substructures
• FAUST. XXVIII. High-Resolution ALMA Observations of Class 0/I Disks: Structure, Optical Depths, and Temperatures
• Interstellar Ices as Carriers of Supernova Material to the Early Solar System