Long-term evolution of supercritical black hole accretion with outflows: a subgrid feedback model for cosmological simulations

Abstract

We study the long-term evolution of the global structure of axisymmetric accretion flows onto a black hole (BH) at rates substantially higher than the Eddington value (${\dot{M}}_{\mathrm{Edd}}$), performing two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations with and without radiative diffusion. In the high-accretion optically-thick limit, where the radiation energy is efficiently trapped within the inflow, the accretion flow becomes adiabatic and comprises of turbulent gas in the equatorial region and strong bipolar outflows. As a result, the mass inflow rate decreases toward the center as ${\dot{M}}_{\mathrm{in}}\propto r^p$ with $p\sim 0.5-0.7$ and a small fraction of the inflowing gas feeds the nuclear BH. Thus, super-Eddington accretion is sustained only when a larger amount of gas is supplied from larger radii at $>100-1000{\dot{M}}_{\mathrm{Edd}}$. The global structure of the flow settles down to a quasi-steady state in millions of the orbital timescale at the BH event horizon, which is $>10-100$ times longer than that addressed in previous (magneto-)RHD simulation studies. Energy transport via radiative diffusion accelerates the outflow near the poles in the inner region but does not change the overall properties of the accretion flow compared to the cases without diffusion. Based on our simulation results, we provide a mechanical feedback model for super-Eddington accreting BHs. This can be applied as a sub-grid model in large-scale cosmological simulations that do not sufficiently resolve galactic nuclei, and to the formation of the heaviest gravitational-wave sources via accretion in dense environments.

arXiv comment17 pages, 13 figures, 1 table (re-submitted to APJ, after revision)

References in corpus (78)

• Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies
• GWTC-2: Compact Binary Coalescences Observed by LIGO and Virgo During the First Half of the Third Observing Run
• How Massive Single Stars End their Life
• The Nucleosynthetic Signature of Population III
• PLUTO: a Numerical Code for Computational Astrophysics
• Hot Accretion Flows Around Black Holes
• A luminous quasar at a redshift of z = 7.085
• The Formation of the First Star in the Universe
• Efficient Generation of Jets from Magnetically Arrested Accretion on a Rapidly Spinning Black Hole
• An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at redshift 7.5
• The Formation of the First Stars. I. The Primordial Star Forming Cloud
• On the Maximum Luminosity of Galaxies and Their Central Black Holes: Feedback From Momentum-Driven Winds
• Formation of the First Supermassive Black Holes
• Black Holes, Galaxy Formation, and the M_BH-sigma Relation
• An ultra-luminous quasar with a twelve-billion-solar-mass black hole at redshift 6.30
• Ultraluminous X-Ray Sources in External Galaxies
• The Assembly of the First Massive Black Holes
• One Hundred First Stars : Protostellar Evolution and the Final Masses
• Assisted Inspirals of Stellar Mass Black Holes Embedded in AGN Disks: Solving the "Final AU Problem"
• A Survey of z>5.7 Quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV: Discovery of Seven Additional Quasars
• Super-critical Accretion Flows around Black Holes: Two-dimensional, Radiation-pressure-dominated Disks with Photon-trapping
• A Global Three Dimensional Radiation Magneto-hydrodynamic Simulation of Super-Eddington Accretion Disks
• Convection-Dominated Accretion Flows
• Self-Similar Accretion Flows with Convection
• A Survey of z>5.7 Quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III: Discovery of Five Additional Quasars
• Hydrodynamical Non-radiative Accretion Flows in Two-Dimensions
• Formation and Evolution of Compact Object Binaries in AGN Disks
• The Effect of Pair-Instability Mass Loss on Black Hole Mergers
• Protostar Formation in the Early Universe
• Cooling flows and quasars: II. Detailed models of feedback modulated accretion flows
• Global Structure of Three Distinct Accretion Flows and Outflows around Black Holes through Two-Dimensional Radiation-Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations
• Intermediate mass black holes in AGN disks: I. Production & Growth
• Three-Dimensional General Relativistic Radiation Magnetohydrodynamical Simulation of Super-Eddington Accretion, using a new code HARMRAD with M1 Closure
• Formation of the first nuclear clusters and massive black holes at high redshift
• Primordial Star Formation under Far-ultraviolet radiation
• Accretion onto the First Stellar Mass Black Holes
• Accretion into the Central Cavity of a Circumbinary Disk
• The Assembly of Supermassive Black Holes at High Redshifts
• The origins of massive black holes
• Slim Disk Model for Soft X-Ray Excess and Variability of Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies
• Fluctuations in the High-Redshift Lyman-Werner Background: Close Halo Pairs as the Origin of Supermassive Black Holes
• Super-Critical Growth of Massive Black Holes from Stellar-Mass Seeds
• Can Supermassive Black Holes Form in Metal-Enriched High-Redshift Protogalaxies ?
• Super-Eddington Accretion Disks around Supermassive black Holes
• Hyper-Eddington accretion flows onto massive black holes
• Formation of massive black holes in rapidly growing pre-galactic gas clouds
• Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs). V. Quasar Luminosity Function and Contribution to Cosmic Reionization at z = 6
• Global simulations of axisymmetric radiative black hole accretion disks in general relativity with a sub-grid magnetic dynamo
• Orbital Migration of Interacting Stellar Mass Black Holes in Disks around Supermassive Black Holes
• Prospects for Probing the Spacetime of Sgr A* with Pulsars
• Slim Disk Model for Ultra-Luminous X-Ray Sources
• Accretion onto Seed Black Holes in the First Galaxies
• Three-dimensional Relativistic MHD Simulations of Active Galactic Nuclei Jets: Magnetic Kink Instability and Fanaroff-Riley Dichotomy
• AGN Disks Harden the Mass Distribution of Stellar-mass Binary Black Hole Mergers
• Mass-gap Mergers in Active Galactic Nuclei
• Accretion onto Intermediate Mass Black Holes Regulated by Radiative Feedback I. Parametric Study for Spherically Symmetric Accretion
• Accretion onto Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in Dense Protogalactic Clouds
• Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs). II. Discovery of 32 Quasars and Luminous Galaxies at 5.7 < z < 6.8
• Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs). IV. Discovery of 41 Quasars and Luminous Galaxies at 5.7 < z < 6.9
• Supersonic Gas Streams Enhance the Formation of Massive Black Holes in the Early Universe
• The First Galaxies: Assembly with Black Hole Feedback
• Rotating Accretion Flows: From Infinity to the Black Hole
• Numerical Simulations of Convective Accretion Flows in Three Dimensions
• Formation of an embryonic supermassive star in the first galaxy
• Supermassive Star Formation via Super Competitive Accretion in Slightly Metal-enriched Clouds
• The formation of massive black holes in z~30 dark matter haloes with large baryonic streaming velocities
• Formation of GW190521 via gas accretion onto Population III stellar black hole remnants born in high-redshift minihalos
• On the Radial Structure of Radiatively Inefficient Accretion Flows with Convection
• Jet and disk luminosities in tidal disruption events
• Hyper-Eddington accretion flows onto black holes accompanied by powerful outflows
• Rapid growth of black holes accompanied with hot or warm outflows exposed to anisotropic super-Eddington radiation
• Low density, radiatively inefficient rotating-accretion flow onto a black hole
• Super-Eddington accretion of dusty gas onto seed black holes: metallicity-dependent efficiency of mass growth
• Massive black hole and Population III galaxy formation in over-massive dark matter halos with violent merger histories
• On angular momentum transport in convection-dominated accretion flows
• Evolution of high-redshift quasar hosts and promotion of massive black hole seed formation
• Very Massive Stars (VMS) in the Local Universe
• Structure of the super-Eddington outflow and itsimpact on the cosmological scale

Cited by in corpus (16)

• Ultraluminous X-ray sources
• Supercritical growth pathway to overmassive black holes at cosmic dawn: coevolution with massive quasar hosts
• Numerical simulations of the random angular momentum in convection II: delayed explosions of red supergiants following "failed'' supernovae
• The Role of Outflow Feedback on Accretion of Compact Objects in Accretion Disk of Active Galactic Nuclei
• Super-critical accretion of medium-weight seed black holes in gaseous proto-galactic nuclei
• The properties of wind and jet from a super-Eddington accretion flow around a supermassive black hole
• A supercritical accretion disk with radiation-driven outflows
• Wind-Reprocessed Transients from Stellar-mass Black Hole Tidal Disruption Events
• Self-regulation of black hole accretion via jets in early protogalaxies
• Gravitational wave mergers of accreting binary black holes in AGN discs
• Spectral Uniformity of Little Red Dots: A Natural Outcome of Coevolving Seed Black Holes and Nascent Starbursts
• Feedback-regulated Seed Black Hole Growth in Star-Forming Molecular Clouds and Galactic Nuclei
• Accretion rates of stellar-mass compact objects embedded in AGN discs
• Super-Eddington Growth Ceiling: Analytic Constraints on the Rapid Growth of Light-Seed Black Holes in Massive Clumps
• A novel sub-grid model for super-Eddington accretion of spinning black holes in galaxy-scale simulations
• Radio Nebulæ from Hyper-Accreting X-ray Binaries as Common Envelope Precursors and Persistent Counterparts of Fast Radio Bursts