Exciting Prospects for Detecting Late-Time Neutrinos from Core-Collapse Supernovae

Abstract

The importance of detecting neutrinos from a Milky Way core-collapse supernova is well known. An under-studied phase is proto-neutron star cooling. For SN 1987A, this seemingly began at about 2 s, and is thus probed by only 6 of the 19 events (and only the ${\bar{\nu }}_e$ flavor) in the Kamiokande-II and IMB detectors. With the higher statistics expected for present and near-future detectors, it should be possible to measure detailed neutrino signals out to very late times. We present the first comprehensive study of neutrino detection during the proto-neutron star cooling phase, considering a variety of outcomes, using all flavors, and employing detailed detector physics. For our nominal model, the event yields (at 10 kpc) after 10 s -- the approximate duration of the SN 1987A signal -- far exceed the entire SN 1987A yield, with $\simeq$250 ${\bar{\nu }}_e$ events (to 50 s) in Super-Kamiokande, $\simeq$110 ${\nu }_e$ events (to 40 s) in DUNE, and $\simeq$10 ${\nu }_{\mu },{\nu }_{\tau },{\bar{\nu }}_{\mu },{\bar{\nu }}_{\tau }$ events (to 20 s) in JUNO. These data would allow unprecedented probes of the proto-neutron star, including the onset of neutrino transparency and hence its transition to a neutron star. If a black hole forms, even at very late times, this can be clearly identified. But will the detectors fulfill their potential for this perhaps once-ever opportunity for an all-flavor, high-statistics detection of a core collapse? Maybe. Further work is urgently needed, especially for DUNE to thoroughly investigate and improve its MeV capabilities.

arXiv comment25 pages, 11 figures; minor updates to match the published version

References in corpus (155)

• The Man Behind the Curtain: X-rays Drive the UV through NIR Variability in the 2013 AGN Outburst in NGC 2617
• Progenitors of core-collapse supernovae
• Explosion Mechanisms of Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Neutrino Physics with JUNO
• The All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN) Light Curve Server v1.0
• Core-Collapse Supernovae from 9 to 120 Solar Masses Based on Neutrino-powered Explosions
• Composition and Structure of Protoneutron Stars
• Radioactive 26Al and massive stars in the Galaxy
• Black Hole Formation in Failing Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Collective Neutrino Oscillations
• Observational constraints on the progenitors of core-collapse supernovae : the case for missing high mass stars
• Evolution of Protoneutron Stars
• Nearby Supernova Rates from the Lick Observatory Supernova Search. III. The Rate-Size Relation, and the Rates as a Function of Galaxy Hubble Type and Colour
• Supernova 1987A Constraints on Sub-GeV Dark Sectors, Millicharged Particles, the QCD Axion, and an Axion-like Particle
• Protoneutron star evolution and the neutrino driven wind in general relativistic neutrino radiation hydrodynamics simulations
• Physics of Core-Collapse Supernovae in Three Dimensions: a Sneak Preview
• Simulation of Coherent Non-Linear Neutrino Flavor Transformation in the Supernova Environment I: Correlated Neutrino Trajectories
• The angular distribution of the reaction ${\bar{\nu }}_e+p\to e^{+}+n$
• GADZOOKS! Antineutrino Spectroscopy with Large Water Cerenkov Detectors
• Perspectives on Core-Collapse Supernova Theory
• Precise quasielastic neutrino/nucleon cross section
• The ASAS-SN Catalog of Variable Stars I: The Serendipitous Survey
• Two-dimensional hydrodynamic core-collapse supernova simulations with spectral neutrino transport. I. Numerical method and results for a 15 M_sun star
• Neutrino Signal of Electron-Capture Supernovae from Core Collapse to Cooling
• Supernova Neutrino Detection
• Self-induced conversion in dense neutrino gases: Pendulum in flavour space
• Probing the gravitational well: No supernova explosion in spherical symmetry with general relativistic Boltzmann neutrino transport
• The search for failed supernovae with the Large Binocular Telescope: confirmation of a disappearing star
• Solar Neutrino Measurements in Super-Kamiokande-IV
• Three-dimensional core-collapse supernova simulated using a 15 $M_{\odot }$ progenitor
• Collective Neutrino Flavor Transformation In Supernovae
• The Overarching Framework of Core-Collapse Supernova Explosions as Revealed by 3D Fornax Simulations
• Speed-up of neutrino transformations in a supernova environment
• A Survey About Nothing: Monitoring a Million Supergiants for Failed Supernovae
• Collective neutrino flavor transitions in supernovae and the role of trajectory averaging
• Composition, Structure and Evolution of Neutron Stars with Kaon Condensates
• Fallback and Black Hole Production in Massive Stars
• Observing the Next Galactic Supernova
• Multiple Spectral Splits of Supernova Neutrinos
• Effects of Strong and Electromagnetic Correlations on Neutrino Interactions in Dense Matter
• Fast Pairwise Conversion of Supernova Neutrinos: A Dispersion-Relation Approach
• Supernova Neutrino Opacity from Nucleon-Nucleon Bremsstrahlung and Related Processes
• Production of Light Element Primary Process nuclei in neutrino-driven winds
• The Status of Multi-Dimensional Core-Collapse Supernova Models
• Neutrino-driven supernova of a low-mass iron-core progenitor boosted by three-dimensional turbulent convection
• The Cosmic Core-collapse Supernova Rate does not match the Massive-Star Formation Rate
• Charged-current weak interaction processes in hot and dense matter and its impact on the spectra of neutrinos emitted from proto-neutron star cooling
• Collective neutrino flavor conversion: Recent developments
• Supernova Relic Neutrino Search at Super-Kamiokande
• On the birthrates of Galactic neutron stars
• The neutrino signal from protoneutron star accretion and black hole formation
• The Effects of Correlations on Neutrino Opacities in Nuclear Matter
• The Search for Failed Supernovae with The Large Binocular Telescope: First Candidates
• The multi-angle instability in dense neutrino systems
• Proto-Neutron Star Winds with Magnetic Fields and Rotation
• Evolution of Proto-Neutron Stars with Quarks
• Search for Supernova Neutrino Bursts at Super-Kamiokande
• Supernova Neutrino Light Curves and Spectra for Various Progenitor Stars: From Core Collapse to Proto-neutron Star Cooling
• On the rate of core collapse supernovae in the Milky Way
• Proto-Neutron Star Cooling with Convection: The Effect of the Symmetry Energy
• General Relativistic Three-Dimensional Multi-Group Neutrino Radiation-Hydrodynamics Simulations of Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Detection of Supernova Neutrinos by Neutrino-Proton Elastic Scattering
• Multi-Dimensional Radiation/Hydrodynamic Simulations of Protoneutron Star Convection
• The Progenitor Dependence of Three-Dimensional Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Dynamics and neutrino signal of black hole formation in non-rotating failed supernovae. I. EOS dependence
• Multi-messenger signals of long-term core-collapse supernova simulations : synergetic observation strategies
• Signal for supernova ${\nu }_{\mu }$ and ${\nu }_{\tau }$ neutrinos in water Čerenkov detectors
• A New Open-Source Nuclear Equation of State Framework based on the Liquid-Drop Model with Skyrme Interaction
• DUNE as the Next-Generation Solar Neutrino Experiment
• Microscopic theories of neutrino-^{12}C reactions
• Exploiting the neutronization burst of a galactic supernova
• Can a supernova be located by its neutrinos?
• Probing axions with the neutrino signal from the next galactic supernova
• Electron-Capture and Low-Mass Iron-Core-Collapse Supernovae: New Neutrino-Radiation-Hydrodynamics Simulations
• Crucial Physical Dependencies of the Core-Collapse Supernova Mechanism
• Statistical Analysis of Supernova Remnants in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Weak reactions on 12C within the Continuum Random Phase Approximation with partial occupancies
• Temporal and Angular Variations of 3D Core-Collapse Supernova Emissions and their Physical Correlations
• Conservative General Relativistic Radiation Hydrodynamics in Spherical Symmetry and Comoving Coordinates
• Measurements of Charged Current Reactions of ${\nu }_e$ on ${}^{12}C$
• Neutrino spectra evolution during proto-neutron star deleptonization
• Discovery and Early Evolution of ASASSN-19bt, the First TDE Detected by TESS
• Collisional triggering of fast flavor conversions of supernova neutrinos
• Black Hole Formation in Core-Collapse Supernovae and Time-of-Flight Measurements of the Neutrino Masses
• High angular resolution ALMA images of dust and molecules in the SN 1987A ejecta
• Supernova pointing with low- and high-energy neutrino detectors
• A full general relativistic neutrino radiation-hydrodynamics simulation of a collapsing very massive star and the formation of a black hole
• Neutrino-nucleon scattering in supernova matter from the virial expansion
• Detection possibility of the pair-annihilation neutrinos from the neutrino-cooled pre-supernova star
• A systematic study of proto-neutron star convection in three-dimensional core-collapse supernova simulations
• Shell-model calculations of neutrino scattering from 12C
• Real-Time Supernova Neutrino Burst Monitor at Super-Kamiokande
• The ASAS-SN Catalog of Variable Stars V: Variables in the Southern Hemisphere
• The light curve of SN 1987A revisited: constraining production masses of radioactive nuclides
• A New Code for Proto-Neutron Star Evolution
• Demonstration of MeV-Scale Physics in Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers Using ArgoNeuT
• Evolution of a proto-neutron star with a nuclear many-body equation of state: Neutrino luminosity and gravitational wave frequencies
• The Birth Function for Black Holes and Neutron Stars in Close Binaries
• New Estimates of the Solar-Neighborhood Massive-Stars Birthrate and the Galactic Supernova Rate
• NS 1987A in SN 1987A
• Reconstruction of supernova ν_μ, ν_τ, anti-ν_μ, and anti-ν_τ neutrino spectra at scintillator detectors
• Multimessengers from core-collapse supernovae: multidimensionality as a key to bridge theory and observation
• First calculation of cosmic-ray muon spallation backgrounds for MeV astrophysical neutrino signals in Super-Kamiokande
• KamLAND Sensitivity to Neutrinos from Pre-Supernova Stars
• Getting the Most from Detection of Galactic Supernova Neutrinos in Future Large Liquid-Scintillator Detectors
• ASASSN-18tb: A Most Unusual Type Ia Supernova Observed by TESS and SALT
• The ASAS-SN Bright Supernova Catalog -- III. 2016
• Neutrino signal from proto-neutron star evolution: Effects of opacities from charged-current-neutrino interactions and inverse neutron decay
• Equation of State and Progenitor Dependence of Stellar-Mass Black-Hole Formation
• First measurement of radioactive isotope production through cosmic-ray muon spallation in Super-Kamiokande IV
• Technique for Direct eV-Scale Measurements of the Mu and Tau Neutrino Masses Using Supernova Neutrinos
• Limits from the Hubble Space Telescope on a Point Source in SN 1987A
• Developing the MeV potential of DUNE: Detailed considerations of muon-induced spallation and other backgrounds
• Tomography of Massive Stars from Core Collapse to Supernova Shock Breakout
• The largest M dwarfs flares from ASAS-SN
• Synoptic Sky Surveys and the Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background: Removing Astrophysical Uncertainties and Revealing Invisible Supernovae
• Observing Supernova Neutrino Light Curves with Super-Kamiokande: Expected Event Number over 10 s
• Neutrino Signal of Collapse-Induced Thermonuclear Supernovae: The Case for Prompt Black Hole Formation in SN1987A
• On the Impact of Neutrino Decays on the Supernova Neutronization-Burst Flux
• The 30-Year Search for the Compact Object in SN 1987A
• Hyperbolic character of the angular moment equations of radiative transfer and numerical methods
• Gadolinium in water Cherenkov detectors improves detection of supernova ${\nu }_e$
• Neutrino emissions in all flavors up to the pre-bounce of massive stars and the possibility of their detections
• Cooling timescale for protoneutron stars and properties of nuclear matter: Effective mass and symmetry energy at high densities
• Lifting the core-collapse supernova bounds on keV-mass sterile neutrinos
• Neutrino induced transitions between the ground states of the A=12 triad
• Tagging Spallation Backgrounds with Showers in Water-Cherenkov Detectors
• Presupernova neutrinos: realistic emissivities from stellar evolution
• From supernovae to neutron stars
• Sensitivity of Super-Kamiokande with Gadolinium to Low Energy Anti-neutrinos from Pre-supernova Emission
• Calorimetry for low-energy electrons using charge and light in liquid argon
• Physics potential of searching for $0\nu \beta \beta$ decays in JUNO
• Energetics and Birth Rates of Supernova Remnants in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Pre-Supernova Neutrinos in Large Dark Matter Direct Detection Experiments
• Measurement of the proton light response of various LAB based scintillators and its implication for supernova neutrino detection via neutrino-proton scattering
• Timing the Neutrino Signal of a Galactic Supernova
• Measurement of the radon concentration in purified water in the Super-Kamiokande IV detector
• Supernova Neutrino Neutrino Astronomy
• Heavy Nuclei as Thermal Insulation for Proto-Neutron Stars
• A New Approach to Mass and Radius of Neutron Stars with Supernova Neutrinos
• Neutrinos from type Ia supernovae: the deflagration-to-detonation transition scenario
• Triangulation Pointing to Core-Collapse Supernovae with Next-Generation Neutrino Detectors
• Neutrinos from type Ia supernovae: The gravitationally confined detonation scenario
• Detecting extra-galactic supernova neutrinos in the Antarctic ice
• Search for a Radio Pulsar in the Remnant of Supernova 1987A
• Can a bright and energetic X-ray pulsar be hiding amid the debris of SN 1987A?
• Numerical Study on Stellar Core Collapse and Neutrino Emission: Probe into the Spherically Symmetric Black Hole Progenitors with 3 - 30Msun Iron Cores
• Improved Detection of Supernovae with the IceCube Observatory
• Charged-current scattering off ${}^{16}$O nucleus as a detection channel for supernova neutrinos
• Nuclear pasta in hot dense matter and its implications for neutrino scattering
• Detection of a dearth of stars with zero angular momentum in the solar neighbourhood
• Capability of detecting low energy events in JUNO Central Detector
• Using Gamma Ray Monitoring to Avoid Missing the Next Milky Way Type Ia Supernova
• Signatures of the neutrino mass hierarchy in supernova neutrinos
• Neutrino flavour as a test of the explosion mechanism of core-collapse supernovae

Cited by in corpus (41)

• Supernova Neutrino Burst Detection with the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment
• Fast Flavor Depolarization of Supernova Neutrinos
• SNEWS 2.0: A Next-Generation SuperNova Early Warning System for Multi-messenger Astronomy
• Supernova Model Discrimination with Hyper-Kamiokande
• Observable signatures of enhanced axion emission from protoneutron stars
• Strong Supernova 1987A Constraints on Bosons Decaying to Neutrinos
• Supernova Simulations Confront SN 1987A Neutrinos
• Proto-neutron star evolution with improved charged-current neutrino-nucleon interactions
• Supernova neutrino signals based on long-term axisymmetric simulations
• Towards Powerful Probes of Neutrino Self-Interactions in Supernovae
• Towards Probing the Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background in All Flavors
• Nuclear de-excitations in low-energy charged-current ${\nu }_e$ scattering on ${}^{40}$Ar
• Many-body effects of collective neutrino oscillations
• Protoneutron Star Convection Simulated with a New General Relativistic Boltzmann Neutrino Radiation-Hydrodynamics Code
• Retrieval of energy spectra for all flavor of neutrinos from core-collapse supernova with multiple detectors
• Observing Supernova Neutrino Light Curves with Super-Kamiokande. II. Impact of the Nuclear Equation of State
• Efficient estimation method for time evolution of proto-neutron star mass and radius from supernova neutrino signal
• Xenon-Doped Liquid Argon TPCs as a Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay Platform
• The Early Evolution of Magnetar Rotation I: Slowly Rotating "Normal" Magnetars
• Numerical Study of Stellar Core Collapse and Neutrino Emission Using the Nuclear Equation of State Obtained by the Variational Method
• Large Low Background kTon-Scale Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers
• Neutrinos from explosive transients at the dawn of multi-messenger astronomy
• Theoretical tools for neutrino scattering: interplay between lattice QCD, EFTs, nuclear physics, phenomenology, and neutrino event generators
• Impact of late-time neutrino emission on the diffuse supernova neutrino background
• Neutrino Echos following Black Hole Formation in Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Exploiting stellar explosion induced by the QCD phase transition in large-scale neutrino detectors
• Anisotropic neutrinos and gravitational waves from black hole neutrino-dominated accretion flows in fallback core-collapse supernovae
• Observing Supernova Neutrino Light Curves with Super-Kamiokande. III. Extraction of Mass and Radius of Neutron Stars from Synthetic Data
• Earth tomography with supernova neutrinos at future neutrino detectors
• Detectability of Late-time Supernova Neutrinos with Fallback Accretion onto Protoneutron star
• A deuterated liquid scintillator for supernova neutrino detection
• Triangulating Black Hole Forming Stellar Collapses through Neutrinos
• Extended search for supernova-like neutrinos in NOvA coincident with LIGO/Virgo detections
• Simple fits for the neutrino luminosities from protoneutron star cooling
• Axion-like Particles from Hypernovae
• Asymmetric emissions of neutrinos in the cooling of rotating proto-neutron stars
• Status and Perspectives of Neutrino Physics
• Neutrino transport with Monte Carlo method: II. Quantum Kinetic Equations
• Dark, deep, deconfining: Phase transitions in neutron stars as powerful probes of hidden sectors
• Non-Radial Neutrino Emission upon Black Hole Formation in Core Collapse Supernovae
• Prospects for detecting proto-neutron star rotation and spindown using supernova neutrinos