AGN-Host Connection at 0.5 < z < 2.5: A rapid evolution of AGN fraction in red galaxies during the last 10 Gyr

Abstract

We explore the dependence of the incidence of moderate-luminosity ($L_X=10^{41.9-43.7}$ erg s${}^{-1}$) AGNs and the distribution of their accretion rates on host color at 0.5 < z < 2.5, using deep X-ray data in GOODS fields. We use extinction-corrected rest-frame U-V colors to divide both AGN hosts and non-AGN galaxies into red sequence (quiescent), green valley (transition), and blue cloud (star-forming) populations. We find that both the AGN fraction at fixed stellar mass and its evolution with redshift are dependent on host colors. Most notably, red galaxies have the lowest AGN fraction (~5\%) at z~1 yet with most rapid redshift evolution, increasing by a factor of 5 (~24\%) at z~2. Green galaxies exhibit the highest AGN fraction across all redshifts, which is most pronounced at z~2 with more than half of them hosting an AGN at $M_{\ast }>10^{10.6}{M}_{\odot }$. Together with the high AGN fraction in red galaxies at z~2, this indicates that X-ray AGNs could be important in both transforming blue galaxies into red ones and subsequently maintaining their quiescence at high redshift. Furthermore, consistent with low-redshift studies, we find that the probability of hosting an AGN in the total galaxy population can be characterized by a universal Eddington ratio ($p({\lambda }_{Edd})\sim {\lambda }_{Edd}^{-0.4}$) and a moderate redshift evolution. Yet consistent with their different AGN fractions, different populations appear to also have different $p({\lambda }_{Edd})$ with red galaxies exhibiting more rapid redshift evolution than green and blue ones. Evidence for a steeper power law of $p({\lambda }_{Edd})$ in red galaxies is also presented, though larger samples are needed to confirm. These results suggest that the AGN accretion or the growth of supermassive black holes is related to their host properties, and may also influence their hosts in a different mode dependent on the host color.

arXiv commentA&A, in press

References in corpus (111)

• emcee: The MCMC Hammer
• Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003
• Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
• On the variation of the Initial Mass Function
• The Dust Content and Opacity of Actively Star-Forming Galaxies
• A Fundamental Relation Between Supermassive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies
• Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies
• The Demography of Massive Dark Objects in Galaxy Centres
• The Host Galaxies of AGN
• The many lives of active galactic nuclei: cooling flows, black holes and the luminosities and colours of galaxies
• A Relationship Between Nuclear Black Hole Mass and Galaxy Velocity Dispersion
• Energy input from quasars regulates the growth and activity of black holes and their host galaxies
• CANDELS: The Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey
• CANDELS: The Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey - The Hubble Space Telescope Observations, Imaging Data Products and Mosaics
• Evolutionary population synthesis: models, analysis of the ingredients and application to high-z galaxies
• EAZY: A Fast, Public Photometric Redshift Code
• Galaxy Bimodality due to Cold Flows and Shock Heating
• On the Black Hole Mass - Bulge Mass Relation
• Multiwavelength study of massive galaxies at z~2. I. Star formation and galaxy growth
• Local Supermassive Black Holes, Relics of Active Galactic Nuclei and the X-ray Background
• The Co-Evolution of Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes: Insights from Surveys of the Contemporary Universe
• Nearly 5000 Distant Early-Type Galaxies in COMBO-17: a Red Sequence and its Evolution since z~1
• GOODS-Herschel: an infrared main sequence for star-forming galaxies
• An ultra-deep near-infrared spectrum of a compact quiescent galaxy at z=2.2
• 3D-HST WFC3-selected Photometric Catalogs in the Five CANDELS/3D-HST Fields: Photometry, Photometric Redshifts and Stellar Masses
• The Evolution of the Stellar Mass Functions of Star-Forming and Quiescent Galaxies to z = 4 from the COSMOS/UltraVISTA Survey
• Detection of quiescent galaxies in a bicolor sequence from z=0-2
• PHIBSS: molecular gas content and scaling relations in z~1-3 normal star forming galaxies
• Very High Gas Fractions and Extended Gas Reservoirs in z=1.5 Disk Galaxies
• Present-Day Growth of Black Holes and Bulges: the SDSS Perspective
• The Herschel view of the dominant mode of galaxy growth from z=4 to the present day
• Morphological quenching of star formation: making early-type galaxies red
• The Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey: HerMES
• The Chandra Deep Field-North Survey. XIII. 2 Ms Point-Source Catalogs
• The host galaxies of radio-loud AGN: mass dependencies, gas cooling and AGN feedback
• 3D-HST: A wide-field grism spectroscopic survey with the Hubble Space Telescope
• The Chandra Deep Field-South Survey: 4 Ms Source Catalogs
• What Drives the Growth of Black Holes?
• CANDELS Multi-wavelength Catalogs: Source Detection and Photometry in the GOODS-South Field
• Host galaxies, clustering, Eddington ratios, and evolution of radio, X-ray, and infrared-selected AGNs
• PACS Evolutionary Probe (PEP) - A Herschel Key Program
• Piecing Together the X-ray Background: Bolometric Corrections for Active Galactic Nuclei
• The deepest Herschel-PACS far-infrared survey: number counts and infrared luminosity functions from combined PEP/GOODS-H observations
• Probing the Coevolution of Supermassive Black Holes and Galaxies Using Gravitationally Lensed Quasar Hosts
• On Star Formation Rates and Star Formation Histories of Galaxies out to z ~ 3
• On the cosmic evolution of the scaling relations between black holes and their host galaxies: Broad Line AGN in the zCOSMOS survey
• A Critical Assessment of Photometric Redshift Methods: A CANDELS Investigation
• The evolution of the hard X-ray luminosity function of AGN
• Bulge Growth and Quenching since z = 2.5 in CANDELS/3D-HST
• An ALMA survey of submillimeter galaxies in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South: Source catalog and multiplicity
• Feast and Famine: Regulation of Black Hole Growth in Low Redshift Galaxies
• PRIMUS: The dependence of AGN accretion on host stellar mass and color
• The Ultraviolet-Optical Color-Magnitude Diagram III: Constraints on Evolution from the Blue to Red Sequence
• The stellar masses of 25000 galaxies at 0.2<z<1.0 estimated by the COMBO-17 survey
• The Mean Star Formation Rate of X-ray selected Active Galaxies and its Evolution from z=2.5: Results from PEP-Herschel
• The Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 Early Release Science data: Panchromatic Faint Object Counts for 0.2-2 microns wavelength
• The Multiwavelength Survey by Yale-Chile (MUSYC): Deep Medium-Band optical imaging and high quality 32-band photometric redshifts in the ECDF-S
• The Chandra Deep Field-South Survey: 2 Ms Source Catalogs
• AEGIS: The color-magnitude relation for X-ray selected AGN
• Accreting SMBHs in the COSMOS field and the connection to their host galaxies
• The hidden "AGN main sequence": Evidence for a universal black hole accretion to star formation rate ratio since z~2 producing a M_BH-M* relation
• The HDF-North SCUBA Super-map I: Submillimetre maps, sources and number counts
• Ongoing and co-evolving star formation in zCOSMOS galaxies hosting Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Dead Sequence: A Clear Bimodality in Galaxy Colors from z=0 to z=2.5
• A Large Population of Massive Compact Post-Starburst Galaxies at z>1: Implications for the Size Evolution and Quenching Mechanism of Quiescent Galaxies
• Energetic galaxy-wide outflows in high-redshift ultra-luminous infrared galaxies hosting AGN activity
• GOODS-HERSCHEL: star formation, dust attenuation and the FIR-radio correlation on the Main Sequence of star-forming galaxies up to z~4
• Massive Galaxies in COSMOS: Evolution of Black hole versus bulge mass but not versus total stellar mass over the last 9 Gyrs?
• Color-Magnitude Relations of Active and Non-Active Galaxies in the Chandra Deep Fields: High-Redshift Constraints and Stellar-Mass Selection Effects
• The SINS/zC-SINF survey of z~2 galaxy kinematics: Evidence for powerful AGN-driven nuclear outflows in massive star-forming galaxies
• Bursty stellar populations and obscured AGN in galaxy bulges
• A remarkably flat relationship between the average star formation rate and AGN luminosity for distant X-ray AGN
• Galaxy Zoo: A sample of blue early-type galaxies at low redshift
• The Evolution of AGN Host Galaxies: From Blue to Red and the Influence of Large-Scale Structures
• Star formation in AGN hosts in GOODS-N
• Quasars Are Not Light-Bulbs: Testing Models of Quasar Lifetimes with the Observed Eddington Ratio Distribution
• The Hubble Deep Field North SCUBA Super-map III - Optical and near-infrared properties of submillimetre galaxies
• Do Moderate-Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei Suppress Star Formation?
• Accretion Rate and the Physical Nature of Unobscured Active Galaxies
• Host Galaxy Properties of the Swift BAT Ultra Hard X-ray Selected AGN
• CANDELS/GOODS-S, CDFS, ECDFS: Photometric Redshifts For Normal and for X-Ray-Detected Galaxies
• The Biases of Optical Line-Ratio Selection for Active Galactic Nuclei, and the Intrinsic Relationship between Black Hole Accretion and Galaxy Star Formation
• Simulations of supermassive black hole growth in high-redshift disk galaxies
• AEGIS: New Evidence Linking Active Galactic Nuclei to the Quenching of Star Formation
• Galaxy Zoo: Evidence for Diverse Star Formation Histories through the Green Valley
• ALMA and Herschel reveal that X-ray selected AGN and main-sequence galaxies have different star formation rate distributions
• The black hole - bulge mass relation of Active Galactic Nuclei in the Extended Chandra Deep Field - South Survey
• Nuclear Activity is more prevalent in Star-Forming Galaxies
• Widespread and Hidden Active Galactic Nuclei in Star-Forming Galaxies at Redshift > 0.3
• The role of AGN in the colour transformation of galaxies at redshifts z~1
• Optical Spectroscopy of X-ray sources in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South
• Infrared color selection of massive galaxies at z > 3
• Color and Stellar Population Gradients in Passively Evolving Galaxies at z~2 from HST/WFC3 Deep Imaging in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field
• Destruction of Molecular Gas Reservoirs in Early-Type Galaxies by Active Galactic Nucleus Feedback
• The Impact of the Uncertainty in Single-Epoch Virial Black Hole Mass Estimates on the Observed Evolution of the Black Hole - Bulge Scaling Relations
• Spitzer IRS 16 micron Observations of the GOODS Fields
• AGN feedback at z~2 and the mutual evolution of active and inactive galaxies
• The Intrinsic Eddington Ratio Distribution of Active Galactic Nuclei in Star-forming Galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• MOIRCS Deep Survey. VIII. Evolution of Star Formation Activity as a Function of Stellar Mass in Galaxies since z~3
• Active and passive galaxies at z~2: Rest-frame optical morphologies with WFC3
• Hubble Space Telescope WFC3 Grism Spectroscopy and Imaging of a Growing Compact Galaxy at z=1.9
• CANDELS: Correlations of SEDs and Morphologies with Star-formation Status for Massive Galaxies at z ~ 2
• The Host Galaxies of X-ray Quasars Are Not Strong Star Formers
• Obscured GOODS AGN and Their Host Galaxies at z < 1.25: The Slow Black Hole Growth Phase
• Photometric Redshifts in the Hawaii-Hubble Deep Field-North (H-HDF-N)
• Host galaxy colour gradients and accretion disc obscuration in AEGIS z~1 X-ray-selected active galactic nuclei
• Evidence for Widespread AGN Activity among Massive Quiescent Galaxies at z ~ 2
• MOIRCS Deep Survey III: Active Galactic Nuclei in Massive Galaxies at z=2-4
• Color-Magnitude Distribution of Face-on Nearby Galaxies in SDSS DR7
• Higher prevalence of X-ray selected AGN in intermediate age galaxies up to z~1
• The fading of young stellar populations and the luminosity functions of dwarf, irregular and starburst galaxies

Cited by in corpus (44)

• The KMOS^3D Survey: Demographics and Properties of Galactic Outflows at z = 0.6 - 2.7
• X-rays across the galaxy population - II. The distribution of AGN accretion rates as a function of stellar mass and redshift
• X-rays across the galaxy population - III. The incidence of AGN as a function of star formation rate
• Linking black-hole growth with host galaxies: The accretion-stellar mass relation and its cosmic evolution
• Galaxies hosting an AGN: a view from the CALIFA survey
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the HUDF: Nature and physical properties of gas-mass selected galaxies using MUSE spectroscopy
• Optically-faint massive Balmer Break Galaxies at z>3 in the CANDELS/GOODS fields
• The Chandra Deep Fields: Lifting the Veil on Distant Active Galactic Nuclei and X-Ray Emitting Galaxies
• The Interplay Between Star Formation and Black Hole Accretion in Nearby Active Galaxies
• CEERS Key Paper III: The Resolved Host Properties of AGN at 3 < z < 5 with JWST
• The Incidence of X-ray selected AGN in Nearby Galaxies
• The morphological evolution, AGN fractions, dust content, environments, and downsizing of massive green valley galaxies at 0.5<z<2.5 in 3D-HST/CANDELS
• ALMA Twenty-six arcmin${}^2$ Survey of GOODS-S at One-millimeter (ASAGAO): X-ray AGN Properties of Millimeter-Selected Galaxies
• Does black-hole growth depend on the cosmic environment?
• VALES: I. The molecular gas content in star-forming dusty H-ATLAS galaxies up to z=0.35
• Inferring a difference in the star-forming properties of lower versus higher X-ray luminosity AGNs
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): The effect of galaxy group environment on active galactic nuclei
• The VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS). AGN feedback in [NeV] emitters
• The evolving AGN duty cycle in galaxies since z$\sim$3 as encoded in the X-ray luminosity function
• Detectability of modulated X-rays from LISA's supermassive black hole mergers
• Mapping the Growth of Supermassive Black Holes as a Function of Galaxy Stellar Mass and Redshift
• Evidence for a mass-dependent AGN Eddington ratio distribution via the flat relationship between SFR and AGN luminosity
• Fast SMBH growth in the SPT2349--56 protocluster at $z=4.3$
• The Black Hole Mass Function Across Cosmic Times II. Heavy Seeds and (Super)Massive Black Holes
• Collective properties of quasar narrow associated absorption lines
• Host galaxy properties and environment of obscured and unobscured X-ray selected Active Galactic Nuclei in the COSMOS survey
• The incidence of AGN in galaxies with different stellar population ages
• The mass dependence of structure, star formation rate, and mass assembly mode at 0.5<z< 2.5
• Cosmic evolution of radio-excess AGNs in quiescent and star-forming galaxies across $0<z<4$
• Where Do Obscured AGN Fit in A Galaxy's Timeline?
• The physical properties of massive green valley galaxies as a function of environments at $0.5<z<2.5$ in 3D-\textit{HST}/CANDELS fields
• The effect of the morphological quenching mechanism on star formation activity at 0.5 < z < 1.5 in 3D-HST/CANDELS
• Non-thermal emission resulting from a supernova explosion inside an extragalactic jet
• Color dependence of clustering of massive galaxies at 0.5$\le z\le$2.5: similar spatial distributions between green valley galaxies and AGNs
• Galaxy Mergers in the Epoch of Reionization II: Major Merger-Triggered Star Formation and AGN Activities at $z=$ 4.5-8.5
• Revealing the differences in the SMBH accretion rate distributions of starburst and non-starburst galaxies
• AGN lifetimes in UV-selected galaxies: a clue to supermassive black hole-host galaxy coevolution
• Stellar populations of a sample of far-IR AGN and non-AGN green valley galaxies
• A Complete 16 micron-Selected Galaxy Sample at $z\sim 1$: Mid-infrared Spectral Energy Distributions
• Estimating lifetimes of uv-selected massive galaxies at $0.5\le z\le 2.5$ in the cosmos/ultravista field through clustering analyses
• Dust sub-millimetre emission in green valley galaxies
• The Eddington Ratio Distribution of Narrow Line Active Galactic Nuclei
• Morphological Transformation and Star Formation Quenching of Massive Galaxies at 0.5 < z < 2.5 in 3D-HST/CANDELS
• Effect of AGN on the morphological properties of their host galaxies in the local Universe