The Search for Failed Supernovae with the Large Binocular Telescope: Constraints from 7 Years of Data

Abstract

We report updated results for the first 7 years of our program to monitor 27 galaxies within 10 Mpc using the Large Binocular Telescope to search for failed supernovae (SNe) -- core-collapses of massive stars that form black holes without luminous supernovae. In the new data, we identify no new compelling candidates and confirm the existing candidate. Given the 6 successful core-collapse SNe in the sample and one likely failed SN, the implied fraction of core-collapses that result in failed SNe is $f=0.14_{-0.10}^{+0.33}$ at 90% confidence. If the current candidate is a failed SN, the fraction of failed SN naturally explains the missing high-mass red supergiant SN progenitors and the black hole mass function. If the current candidate is ultimately rejected, the data implies a 90% confidence upper limit on the failed SN fraction of $f<0.35$.

13 pages, 18 figures, 2 tables. Accepted to MNRAS

References in corpus (24)

• K-corrections and filter transformations in the ultraviolet, optical, and near infrared
• The death of massive stars - I. Observational constraints on the progenitors of type II-P supernovae
• Empirical Color Transformations Between SDSS Photometry and Other Photometric Systems
• No supernovae associated with two long-duration gamma ray bursts
• The search for failed supernovae with the Large Binocular Telescope: confirmation of a disappearing star
• Kinematics of the Local Universe XIII. 21-cm line measurements of 452 galaxies with the Nançay radiotelescope, JHK Tully-Fisher relation and preliminary maps of the peculiar velocity field
• The Landscape of the Neutrino Mechanism of Core-Collapse Supernovae: Neutron Star and Black Hole Mass Functions, Explosion Energies and Nickel Yields
• The Search for Failed Supernovae with The Large Binocular Telescope: First Candidates
• Stellar Mergers Are Common
• Binary Stellar Mergers with Marginally-Bound Ejecta: Excretion Disks, Inflated Envelopes, Outflows, and their Luminous Transients
• The Progenitor of GW 150914
• Planetary Nebulae in Face-On Spiral Galaxies. I. Planetary Nebula Photometry and Distances
• Common Envelope ejection for a Luminous Red Nova in M101
• Two-Dimensional Core-Collapse Supernova Models with Multi-Dimensional Transport
• Lessons from the Onset of a Common Envelope Episode: the Remarkable M31 2015 Luminous Red Nova Outburst
• Constraints on Core Collapse from the Black Hole Mass Function
• The Supernova Progenitor Mass Distributions of M31 and M33: Further Evidence for an Upper Mass Limit
• Supernova Progenitors, Their Variability, and the Type IIP Supernova ASASSN-16fq in M66
• Optical and Ultraviolet Observations of A Low-Velocity Type II-Plateau Supernova 2013am in M65
• Light Curve Calculations of Supernovae from Fallback Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Luminous Red Nova 2015 in the Galaxy M101
• The Cepheid distance to the maser-host galaxy NGC 4258: Studying systematics with the Large Binocular Telescope
• The Massive Star Population in M101. III. Spectra and Photometry of the Luminous and Variable Stars
• Finding $\eta$ Car Analogs in Nearby Galaxies Using Spitzer: II. Identification of An Emerging Class of Extragalactic Self-Obscured Stars

Cited by in corpus (91)

• Binary Population and Spectral Synthesis Version 2.1: construction, observational verification and new results
• The search for failed supernovae with the Large Binocular Telescope: confirmation of a disappearing star
• Grand Unified Neutrino Spectrum at Earth: Sources and Spectral Components
• What can be learned from a future supernova neutrino detection?
• Potential Kick Velocity distribution of black hole X-ray binaries and implications for natal kicks
• Pre-Supernova Outbursts via Wave Heating in Massive Stars II: Hydrogen-poor Stars
• Simulating Turbulence-aided Neutrino-driven Core-collapse Supernova Explosions in One Dimension
• The Nickel Mass Distribution of Normal Type II Supernovae
• Mass Ejection in Failed Supernovae: Variation with Stellar Progenitor
• The Science of the Einstein Telescope
• Explosions Driven by the Coalescence of a Compact Object with the Core of a Massive-Star Companion Inside a Common Envelope: Circumstellar Properties, Light Curves, and Population Statistics
• PUSHing Core-Collapse Supernovae to Explosions in Spherical Symmetry II: Explodability and Global Properties
• Measuring the supernova unknowns at the next-generation neutrino telescopes through the diffuse neutrino background
• Missing Red Supergiants and Carbon Burning
• Neutrino emission characteristics of black hole formation in three-dimensional simulations of stellar collapse
• The search for failed supernovae with the Large Binocular Telescope: a new candidate and the failed SN fraction with 11 yr of data
• Constraining properties of the next nearby core-collapse supernova with multi-messenger signals
• Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background from extensive core-collapse simulations of $8$-$100{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ progenitors
• PUSHing core-collapse supernovae to explosions in spherical symmetry IV: Explodability, remnant properties and nucleosynthesis yields of low metallicity stars
• Effect of binary evolution on the inferred initial and final core masses of hydrogen-rich, Type~II supernova progenitors
• Characteristic Time Variability of Gravitational-Wave and Neutrino Signals from Three-dimensional Simulations of Non-Rotating and Rapidly Rotating Stellar Core-Collapse
• The final core collapse of pulsational pair instability supernovae
• Pre-supernova evolution and final fate of stellar mergers and accretors of binary mass transfer
• On The Red Supergiant Problem
• The Physics of Flash (Supernova) Spectroscopy
• 3D template-based $Fermi$-LAT constraints on the diffuse supernova axion-like particle background
• Core collapse with magnetic fields and rotation
• Diffuse neutrinos from luminous and dark supernovae: prospects for upcoming detectors at the O(10) kt scale
• MUSE crowded field 3D spectroscopy in NGC300 I. First results from central fields
• The LBT Satellites of Nearby Galaxies Survey (LBT-SONG): The Satellite Population of NGC 628
• Revisiting the explodability of single massive star progenitors of stripped-envelope supernovae
• The quiescent progenitors of four Type II-P/L supernovae
• A physical model of mass ejection in failed supernovae
• Towards Probing the Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background in All Flavors
• The Formation of Rapidly Rotating Black Holes in High Mass X-ray Binaries
• Timing the Neutrino Signal of a Galactic Supernova
• Gas expulsion vs gas retention in young stellar clusters II: effects of cooling and mass segregation
• Gravitational wave signature of proto-neutron star convection: I. MHD numerical simulations
• Flavor Triangle of the Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background
• Effect of the Nuclear Equation of State on Relativistic-Turbulence Induced Core-Collapse Supernovae
• The Vanishing & Appearing Sources during a Century of Observations project: I. USNO objects missing in modern sky surveys and follow-up observations of a "missing star"
• Explodability criteria for the neutrino-driven supernova mechanism
• The impact of vorticity waves on the shock dynamics in core-collapse supernovae
• Cool, Luminous, and Highly Variable Stars in the Magellanic Clouds from ASAS-SN: Implications for Thorne-Żytkow Objects and Super-Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars
• The effect of mass loss in models of red supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• A Search for Satellite Galaxies of Nearby Star-Forming Galaxies with Resolved Stars in LBT-SONG
• OGLE-2014-SN-073 as a fallback accretion powered supernova
• The Masses of Supernova Remnant Progenitors in M83
• On the Optimal Choice of Nucleosynthetic Yields, IMF and Number of SNe Ia for Chemical Evolution Modelling
• On the Progenitor of the Type Ic Supernova 2012fh
• An Exceptional Dimming Event for a Massive, Cool Supergiant in M51
• Non-Universal Stellar Initial Mass Functions: Large Uncertainties in Star Formation Rates at $z\approx 2-4$ and Other Astrophysical Probes
• The Late Time Optical Evolution of Twelve Core-Collapse Supernovae: Detection of Normal Stellar Winds
• Deciphering the unusual stellar progenitor of GRB 210704A
• The Case for Strangulation in Low-Mass Hosts: DDO 113
• The Blue Supergiant Progenitor of the Supernova Imposter AT~2019krl
• ASASSN-15no: The Supernova that plays hide-and-seek
• Constraining the final fates of massive stars by oxygen and iron enrichment history in the Galaxy
• Diffuse neutrino background from past core-collapse supernovae
• Collective neutrino oscillations and detectabilities in failed supernovae
• AT2018lqh and the nature of the emerging population of day-scale duration optical transients
• Nucleosynthesis signatures of neutrino-driven winds from proto-neutron stars: a perspective from chemical evolution models
• Exploiting stellar explosion induced by the QCD phase transition in large-scale neutrino detectors
• Mechanical feedback from black hole accretion as an energy source of core-collapse supernova explosions
• Black Hole Supernovae, their Equation of State Dependence and Ejecta Composition
• Diffuse supernova neutrino background with up-to-date star formation rate measurements and long-term multidimensional supernova simulations
• The Search for Failed Supernovae with the Large Binocular Telescope: N6946-BH1, Still No Star
• On the early evolution of massive star clusters: the case of cloud D1 and its embedded cluster in NGC 5253
• The Explosion Mechanism of Core-Collapse Supernovae and Its Observational Signatures
• Failed supernovae as a natural explanation for the binary black hole mass distribution
• AT2018lqh: Black Hole Born from a Rotating Star?
• Radio Transients from Newborn Black Holes
• Gravitational Waves from Newborn Accreting Millisecond Magnetars
• The effects of rotation, metallicity and magnetic field on the islands of failed supernovae
• Pinpointing astrophysical bursts of low-energy neutrinos embedded into the noise
• Supernovae from stellar mergers and accretors of binary mass transfer: Implications for Type IIP, 1987A-like and interacting supernovae
• The Origin of the Possible Massive Black Hole in the Progenitor System of iPTF13bvn
• The Progenitor of the Vela Pulsar
• Quantum Black Hole Seismology II: Applications to Astrophysical Black Holes
• Constraining red supergiant mass-loss prescriptions through supernova radio properties
• Population and spectral synthesis: it doesn't work without binaries
• Diffuse Neutrino Background from Magnetorotational Stellar Core Collapses
• Failed Supernova Remnants
• Disappearance of a massive star in the Andromeda Galaxy due to formation of a black hole
• Triangulating Black Hole Forming Stellar Collapses through Neutrinos
• Properties of Thorne-Zytkow object explosions
• Deep Late-Time Observations of the Supernova Impostors SN 1954J and SN 1961V
• A "nu" look at gravitational waves: The black hole birth rate from neutrinos combined with the merger rate from LIGO
• Accurate Determination of Chemical Abundances near a Supermassive Black Hole
• Neutrinos from Diffuse Supernova Background
• On the diversity of mixing and helium core masses of B-type dwarfs from gravity-mode asteroseismology