A physical model of mass ejection in failed supernovae

Abstract

During the core collapse of massive stars, the formation of the protoneutron star is accompanied by the emission of a significant amount of mass-energy ($\sim 0.3M_{\odot }$) in the form of neutrinos. This mass-energy loss generates an outward-propagating pressure wave that steepens into a shock near the stellar surface, potentially powering a weak transient associated with an otherwise-failed supernova. We analytically investigate this mass-loss-induced wave generation and propagation. Heuristic arguments provide an accurate estimate of the amount of energy contained in the outgoing sound pulse. We then develop a general formalism for analyzing the response of the star to centrally concentrated mass loss in linear perturbation theory. To build intuition, we apply this formalism to polytropic stellar models, finding qualitative and quantitative agreement with simulations and heuristic arguments. We also apply our results to realistic pre-collapse massive star progenitors (both giants and compact stars). Our analytic results for the sound pulse energy, excitation radius, and steepening in the stellar envelope are in good agreement with full time-dependent hydrodynamic simulations. We show that {prior} to the sound pulses arrival at the stellar photosphere, the photosphere has already reached velocities $\sim 20-100\%$ of the local sound speed, thus likely modestly decreasing the stellar effective temperature prior to the star disappearing. Our results provide important constraints on the physical properties and observational appearance of failed supernovae.

15 pages, 10 figures, submitted to MNRAS

References in corpus (8)

• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA)
• Observational constraints on the progenitors of core-collapse supernovae : the case for missing high mass stars
• Three-dimensional core-collapse supernova simulated using a 15 $M_{\odot }$ progenitor
• Magnetorotational Core-Collapse Supernovae in Three Dimensions
• The Landscape of the Neutrino Mechanism of Core-Collapse Supernovae: Neutron Star and Black Hole Mass Functions, Explosion Energies and Nickel Yields
• Black hole formation and fallback during the supernova explosion of a $40{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ star
• Monte Carlo Radiation Hydrodynamics with Implicit Methods
• Very Low Energy Supernovae: Light Curves and Spectra of Shock Breakout

Cited by in corpus (29)

• Mind the gap: The location of the lower edge of the pair instability supernovae black hole mass gap
• Pre-supernova evolution, compact object masses and explosion properties of stripped binary stars
• Simple recipes for compact remnant masses and natal kicks
• Mass Ejection in Failed Supernovae: Variation with Stellar Progenitor
• Black Hole Accretion Discs and Luminous Transients in Failed Supernovae from Non-Rotating Supergiants
• Predictions for the hydrogen-free ejecta of pulsational pair-instability supernovae
• Numerical Simulations of Convective 3-Dimensional Red Supergiant Envelopes
• Gamma-ray Thermalization and Leakage from Millisecond Magnetar Nebulae: Towards a Self-Consistent Model for Superluminous Supernovae
• Pulsational pair-instability supernovae: gravitational collapse, black-hole formation, and beyond
• Hydrodynamical simulations and similarity relations for eruptive mass loss from massive stars
• Numerical simulations of the random angular momentum in convection II: delayed explosions of red supergiants following "failed'' supernovae
• Giant planet engulfment by evolved giant stars: light curves, asteroseismology, and survivability
• Mass ejection in failed supernovae: equation of state and neutrino loss dependence
• Compact object mergers driven by gas fallback
• Partial Stellar Explosions -- Ejected Mass and Minimal Energy
• Weak shock propagation with accretion. I. Self-similar solutions and application to failed supernovae
• A 3D Simulation of a Type II-P Supernova: from Core Bounce to Beyond Shock Breakout
• Intermediate Luminosity Red Transients by Black Holes Born from Erupting Massive Stars
• Dynamics of supernova bounce in laboratory
• 3D Hydrodynamics of Pre-supernova Outbursts in Convective Red Supergiant Envelopes
• Weak Shock Propagation with Accretion. II. Stability of Self-similar Solutions to Radial Perturbations
• Energy-conserving, Relativistic Corrections to Strong Shock Propagation
• Radio Transients from Newborn Black Holes
• Weak Shock Propagation with Accretion. III. A Numerical Study On Shock Propagation & Stability
• Failed Supernova Remnants
• Eruptive mass loss less than a year before the explosion of superluminous supernovae: I. The cases of SN 2020xga and SN 2022xgc
• Disappearance of a massive star in the Andromeda Galaxy due to formation of a black hole
• A Physical Model of Delayed Rebrightenings in Shock-interacting Supernovae without Narrow Line Emission
• Numerical Simulations of the Random Angular Momentum in Convection: Implications for Supergiant Collapse to Form Black Holes