A fundamental plane for long gamma-ray bursts with X-ray plateaus

Abstract

A class of long Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) presenting light curves with an extended plateau phase in their X-ray afterglows obeys a correlation between the rest frame end time of the plateau, $T_a$, and its corresponding X-ray luminosity, $L_a$, Dainotti et al. (2008). In this work we perform an analysis of a total sample of 176 {\it Swift} GRBs with known redshifts, exhibiting afterglow plateaus. By adding a third parameter, that is the peak luminosity in the prompt emission, $L_{peak}$, we discover the existence of a new three parameter correlation. The scatter of data about this plane becomes smaller when a class-specific GRB sample is defined. This sample of 122 GRBs is selected from the total sample by excluding GRBs with associated Supernovae (SNe), X-ray flashes and short GRBs with extended emission. {\bf With this sample the three parameter correlation identifies a GRB `fundamental plane'}. Moreover, we further limit our analysis to GRBs with lightcurves having good data coverage and almost flat plateaus, 40 GRBs forming our `gold sample'. The intrinsic scatter, ${\sigma }_{int}=0.27\pm 0.04$, for the three-parameter correlation for this last subclass is more than twice smaller than the value for the $L_a-T_a$ one, making this the tightest three parameter correlation involving the afterglow plateau phase. Finally, we also show that a slightly less tight correlation is present between $L_{peak}$ and a proxy for the total energy emitted during the plateau phase, $L_a{T}_a$, confirming the existence of an energy scaling between prompt and afterglow phases.

15 pages, 7 figures, ApJL accepted. We put in bold the new sentences which were added after the referee report

References in corpus (45)

• Methods and results of an automatic analysis of a complete sample of Swift-XRT observations of GRBs
• Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Gamma-ray Burst Afterglow with Continuous Energy Injection: Signature of a Highly-Magnetized Millisecond Pulsar
• GRB Formation Rates inferred from the Spectral Peak Energy - Luminosity Relation
• The collimation--corrected GRB energies correlate with the peak energy of their $\nu F_{\nu }$ spectrum
• Signatures of magnetar central engines in short GRB lightcurves
• A Photometric Redshift of z ~ 9.4 for GRB 090429B
• Short Gamma-Ray Bursts with Extended Emission
• The early X-ray emission from GRBs
• The Hubble Diagram to Redshift >6 from 69 Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Swift observations of GRB 070110: an extraordinary X-ray afterglow powered by the central engine
• Testing the standard fireball model of GRBs using late X-ray afterglows measured by Swift
• The Second Swift BAT Gamma-Ray Burst Catalog
• A time - luminosity correlation for Gamma Ray Bursts in the X - rays
• GRB Afterglows with Energy Injection from a spinning down NS
• Extremely energetic Fermi Gamma-Ray Bursts obey spectral energy correlations
• Discovery of a tight correlation for gamma ray burst afterglows with `canonical' light curves
• Constraining properties of GRB magnetar central engines using the observed plateau luminosity and duration correlation
• Threshold for Extended Emission in Short Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Determination of the intrinsic Luminosity Time Correlation in the X-ray Afterglows of GRBs
• An updated Gamma Ray Bursts Hubble diagram
• A New Paradigm for Gamma Ray Bursts: Long Term Accretion Rate Modulation by an External Accretion Disk
• Slope evolution of GRB correlations and cosmology
• Luminosity--time and luminosity--luminosity correlations for GRB prompt and afterglow plateau emissions
• Constraining the GRB-magnetar model by means of the Galactic pulsar population
• Toward a standard Gamma Ray Burst: tight correlations between the prompt and the afterglow plateau phase emission
• Fits, and especially linear fits, with errors on both axes, extra variance of the data points and other complications
• Study of possible systematics in the L*X - Ta* correlation of Gamma Ray Bursts
• Behavior of X-Ray Dust Scattering and Implications for X-Ray Afterglows of Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Constraining cosmological parameters by Gamma Ray Burst X - ray afterglow lightcurves
• Non-parametric study of the evolution of the cosmological equation of state with SNeIa, BAO and high redshift GRBs
• Distribution of Spectral Characteristics and the Cosmological Evolution of GRBs
• New measurements of ${\Omega }_m$ from gamma-ray bursts
• Selection effects in Gamma Ray Bursts correlations: consequences on the ratio between GRB and star formation rates
• Fall-Back Disks in Long and Short GRBs
• A case of mistaken identity? GRB 060912A and the nature of the long -- short GRB divide
• The X-ray light curve of Gamma-ray bursts: clues to the central engine
• A new three-parameter correlation for gamma-ray bursts with a plateau phase in the afterglow
• The spectral-temporal properties of the prompt pulses and rapid decay phase of GRBs
• A correlation between intrinsic brightness and average decay rate of Swift UVOT GRB optical/UV light curves
• Estimating Redshifts for Long Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Cosmological Constraints from calibrated Yonetoku and Amati relation implies Fundamental plane of Gamma-ray bursts
• Deviation from the Cosmological Constant or Systematic Errors?
• Does The Addition of a Duration Improve the L_iso - E_peak Relation For Gamma-Ray Bursts?
• On the Late-Time Spectral Softening Found in X-ray Afterglows of Gamma-Ray Bursts

Cited by in corpus (69)

• On the Hubble constant tension in the SNe Ia Pantheon sample
• The CosmoVerse White Paper: Addressing observational tensions in cosmology with systematics and fundamental physics
• On the evolution of the Hubble constant with the SNe Ia Pantheon Sample and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations: a feasibility study for GRB-cosmology in 2030
• The THESEUS space mission concept: science case, design and expected performances
• Statistical Study of Gamma-Ray Bursts with a Plateau Phase in the X-ray Afterglow
• On the magnetar origin of the GRBs presenting X-ray afterglow plateaus
• The X-ray fundamental plane of the Platinum Sample, the Kilonovae and the SNe Ib/c associated with GRBs
• A study of gamma ray bursts with afterglow plateau phases associated with supernovae
• Optical and X-ray GRB Fundamental Planes as Cosmological Distance Indicators
• A Study of the Gamma-Ray Burst Fundamental Plane
• Neutrino cosmology after DESI: tightest mass upper limits, preference for the normal ordering, and tension with terrestrial observations
• Standardizing Platinum Dainotti-correlated gamma-ray bursts, and using them with standardized Amati-correlated gamma-ray bursts to constrain cosmological model parameters
• Gamma-ray burst prompt correlations: selection and instrumental effects
• Gamma Ray Burst afterglow and prompt-afterglow relations: an overview
• The Gamma-ray Bursts fundamental plane correlation as a cosmological tool
• The Optical Luminosity-Time Correlation for More Than 100 Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows
• Standardized long gamma-ray bursts as a cosmic distance indicator
• Quasar standardization: Overcoming Selection Biases and Redshift Evolution
• Gamma-Ray Bursts, Quasars, Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations, and Supernovae Ia: new statistical insights and cosmological constraints
• On the investigation of the closure relations for Gamma-Ray Bursts observed by Swift in the post-plateau phase and the GRB fundamental plane
• The Optical Two and Three-Dimensional Fundamental Plane Correlations for Nearly 180 Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows with Swift/UVOT, RATIR, and the SUBARU Telescope
• Tracing dark energy history with gamma ray bursts
• Gamma-ray burst data strongly favor the three-parameter fundamental plane (Dainotti) correlation relation over the two-parameter one
• Reducing the uncertainty on the Hubble constant up to 35\% with an improved statistical analysis: different best-fit likelihoods for Supernovae Ia, Baryon Acoustic Oscillations, Quasars, and Gamma-Ray Bursts
• On the Existence of the Plateau Emission in High-Energy Gamma-Ray Burst LightCurves observed byFermi-LAT
• The shallow decay segment of GRB X-ray afterglow revisited
• A comprehensive statistical study on gamma-ray bursts
• X-ray Plateaus in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows and Their Application in Cosmology
• Examining Two-Dimensional Luminosity-time Correlations for Gamma Ray Burst Radio Afterglows with VLA and ALMA
• Gamma ray burst constraints on cosmological models from the improved Amati correlation
• The three-parameter correlations about optical plateaus of gamma-ray bursts
• Astronomical Distance Determination in the Space Age. Secondary distance indicators
• Closure relations during the plateau emission of Swift GRBs and the fundamental plane
• Statistical study of gamma-ray bursts with jet break feature in multi-wavelength afterglow emissions
• Cosmology Intertwined: A Review of the Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology Associated with the Cosmological Tensions and Anomalies
• $E_{\mathrm{iso}}$-$E_{\mathrm{p}}$ correlation of gamma ray bursts: calibration and cosmological applications
• Tensions with the flat $\mathbf{\Lambda }$CDM model from high-redshift cosmography
• Statistical analyses on the energies of X-ray plateaus and flares in gamma-ray bursts
• Quasars as high-redshift standard candles
• Quasars: standard candles up to z=7.5 with the precision of Supernovae Ia
• Pseudo Redshifts of Gamma-Ray Bursts Derived from the L-T-E Correlation
• The quest for new correlations in the realm of the Gamma-Ray Burst -- Supernova connection
• Accounting for Selection Bias and Redshift Evolution in GRB Radio Afterglow Data
• A Stochastic Approach To Reconstruct Gamma Ray Burst Lightcurves
• Gamma-ray Bursts as Distance Indicators by a Statistical Learning Approach
• The correlation between isotropic energy and duration of gamma-ray bursts
• The Transient High-Energy Sky and Early Universe Surveyor (THESEUS)
• Less noticeable shallow decay phase in early X-ray afterglows of GeV/TeV-detected gamma-ray bursts
• The closure relations in optical afterglow of Gamma-Ray Bursts
• GRB Redshift Estimation using Machine Learning and the Associated Web-App
• Afterglow light curves of the non-relativistic ejecta mass in a stratified circumstellar medium
• Discovery of a Universal Correlation For Long and Short GRBs and Its Application on the Study of Luminosity Function and Formation Rate
• Swift/UVOT: 18 Years of Long GRB Discoveries and Advances
• Constraints on Cosmological Models with Gamma-Ray Bursts in Cosmology-Independent Way
• Constraining Coupling Constants' Variation with Supernovae, Quasars, and GRBs
• Incidence of afterglow plateaus in gamma-ray bursts associated with binary neutron star mergers
• Variable Chaplygin Gas: Constraints from Supernovae, GRB and Gravitational Wave Merger Events
• Model-independent Gamma-Ray Bursts Constraints on Cosmological Models Using Machine Learning
• Probing Evolution of Long Gamma-Ray Burst Properties through Their Cosmic Formation History
• Gamma-Ray Bursts Calibrated from the Observational $H(z)$ Data in Artificial Neural Network Framework
• GRB X-ray plateaus as evidence that the afterglow begins before the prompt gamma-ray emission
• Gamma-Ray Bursts Calibrated by Using Artificial Neural Networks from the Pantheon+ Sample
• Multi-Model Framework for Reconstructing Gamma-Ray Burst Light Curves
• Model-independent calibration of Gamma-Ray Bursts with neural networks
• Characterization of the GRB prompt fundamental plane using Fermi-GBM data
• EP241217a: a likely Type II GRB with an achromatic bump at z = 4.59
• Gamma-Ray Bursts, Supernovae Ia and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations: a binned cosmological analysis
• Applying models of pulsar wind nebulae to explain X-ray plateaux following short gamma-ray bursts
• Gamma-Ray Burst Light Curve Reconstruction: A Comparative Machine and Deep Learning Analysis