Baryon Content of Massive Galaxy Clusters (0.57 < z < 1.33)

Abstract

We study the stellar, Brightest Cluster Galaxy (BCG) and intracluster medium (ICM) masses of 14 South Pole Telescope (SPT) selected galaxy clusters with median redshift $z=0.9$ and median mass $M_{500}=6\times 10^{14}{M}_{\odot }$. We estimate stellar masses for each cluster and BCG using six photometric bands spanning the range from the ultraviolet to the near-infrared observed with the VLT, HST and Spitzer. The ICM masses are derived from Chandra and XMM-Newton X-ray observations, and the virial masses are derived from the SPT Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect signature. At $z=0.9$ the BCG mass $M_{\star }^{\text{BCG}}$ constitutes $0.12\pm 0.01$% of the halo mass for a $6\times 10^{14}{M}_{\odot }$ cluster, and this fraction falls as $M_{500}^{-0.58\pm 0.07}$. The cluster stellar mass function has a characteristic mass $M_0=10^{11.0\pm 0.1}{M}_{\odot }$, and the number of galaxies per unit mass in clusters is larger than in the field by a factor $1.65\pm 0.2$. Both results are consistent with measurements on group scales and at lower redshift. We combine our SPT sample with previously published samples at low redshift that we correct to a common initial mass function and for systematic differences in virial masses. We then explore mass and redshift trends in the stellar fraction (fstar), the ICM fraction (fICM), the cold baryon fraction (fc) and the baryon fraction (fb). At a pivot mass of $6\times 10^{14}{M}_{\odot }$ and redshift $z=0.9$, the characteristic values are fstar=$1.1\pm 0.1$%, fICM=$9.6\pm 0.5$%, fc=$10.4\pm 1.2$% and fb=$10.7\pm 0.6$%. These fractions all vary with cluster mass at high significance, indicating that higher mass clusters have lower fstar and fc and higher fICM and fb. When accounting for a 15% systematic virial mass uncertainty, there is no statistically significant redshift trend at fixed mass in these baryon fractions. (abridged)

Accepted for publication in MNRAS

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