The ALICE TPC, a large 3-dimensional tracking device with fast readout for ultra-high multiplicity events

Abstract

The design, construction, and commissioning of the ALICE Time-Projection Chamber (TPC) is described. It is the main device for pattern recognition, tracking, and identification of charged particles in the ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC. The TPC is cylindrical in shape with a volume close to 90 m^3 and is operated in a 0.5 T solenoidal magnetic field parallel to its axis. In this paper we describe in detail the design considerations for this detector for operation in the extreme multiplicity environment of central Pb--Pb collisions at LHC energy. The implementation of the resulting requirements into hardware (field cage, read-out chambers, electronics), infrastructure (gas and cooling system, laser-calibration system), and software led to many technical innovations which are described along with a presentation of all the major components of the detector, as currently realized. We also report on the performance achieved after completion of the first round of stand-alone calibration runs and demonstrate results close to those specified in the TPC Technical Design Report.

55 pages, 82 figures

References in corpus (6)

• The ALICE TPC, a large 3-dimensional tracking device with fast readout for ultra-high multiplicity events
• Thermal Dileptons at LHC
• Heavy-Quark Kinetics in the QGP at LHC
• The PreAmplifier ShAper for the ALICE TPC-Detector
• Commissioning and Calibration of the ALICE TPC
• Laser calibration system for the CERES Time Projection Chamber

Cited by in corpus (360)

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• Simulations and analysis tools for charge-exchange $(d,{}^2\text{He})$ reactions in inverse kinematics with the AT-TPC
• Investigation of K${}^{+}$K${}^{-}$ interactions via femtoscopy in Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.76$ TeV at the LHC
• Performance of TPC detector prototype integrated with UV laser tracks for the circular collider
• Higher-order correlations between different moments of two flow amplitudes in Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Measurement of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays as a function of multiplicity in p-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• First measurement of A = 4 (anti)hypernuclei at the LHC
• Event-by-event mean p_T fluctuations in pp and Pb-Pb collisions measured by the ALICE experiment at the LHC
• Neutral meson production in pp and Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC measured with ALICE
• Measurement of ${}_{\Lambda }^3\mathrm{H}$ production in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• Event-by-event mean p_T fluctuations in pp and Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC
• Measurement of f${}_1$(1285) production in pp collisions at $\sqrt{\text{s}}$ = 13 TeV
• Symmetry plane correlations in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.76$ TeV
• Probing the Chiral Magnetic Wave with charge-dependent flow measurements in Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC
• Azimuthally-differential pion femtoscopy relative to the third harmonic event plane in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{{\text{s}}_{{}_{\mathrm{NN}}}}$ = 2.76 TeV
• Jet-hadron correlations measured relative to the second order event plane in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 2.76 TeV
• Elliptic flow of charged particles at midrapidity relative to the spectator plane in Pb-Pb and Xe-Xe collisions
• Building a large-area GEM-based readout chamber for the upgrade of the ALICE TPC
• Femtoscopic correlations of identical charged pions and kaons in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with event-shape selection
• Jet fragmentation transverse momentum distributions in pp and p-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• J/$\psi$ production at midrapidity in p$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=8.16$ TeV
• Data-driven precision determination of the material budget in ALICE
• Domain-informed neural networks for interaction localization within astroparticle experiments
• Search for quasi-particle scattering in the quark-gluon plasma with jet splittings in pp and Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{{\text{s}}_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Measurement of the impact-parameter dependent azimuthal anisotropy in coherent ${\rho }^0$ photoproduction in Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• Resonances as Probes of Heavy-Ion Collisions at ALICE
• Particle production as a function of charged-particle flattenicity in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Azimuthal anisotropy of jet particles in p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• Measurement of the low-energy antitriton inelastic cross section
• Higher-order symmetry plane correlations in Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• Study on the Real-time Lossless Data Compression Method Used in the Readout System for Micro-pattern Gas Detector
• Measurement of ${\Omega }_{\mathrm{c}}^0$ baryon production and branching-fraction ratio $\mathrm{BR}({\mathrm{\Omega }}_{\mathrm{c}}^0\to {\mathrm{\Omega }}^{-}{\mathrm{e}}^{+}{\nu }_{\mathrm{e}})/\mathrm{BR}({\mathrm{\Omega }}_{\mathrm{c}}^0\to {\mathrm{\Omega }}^{-}{\pi }^{+})$ in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Study of very forward energy and its correlation with particle production at midrapidity in pp and p-Pb collisions at the LHC
• Charged particle jet measurements with the ALICE experiment in proton-proton collisions at the LHC
• Measurement of the production of (anti)nuclei in p-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=8.16$ TeV
• Investigating the p-${\pi }^{\pm }$ and p-p-${\pi }^{\pm }$ dynamics with femtoscopy in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV
• Hadronic resonance production in Pb-Pb collisions at the ALICE experiment
• Inclusive, prompt and non-prompt $\mathrm{J}/\psi$ production at midrapidity in p$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Observation of the $\Omega$(2012) baryon at the LHC
• Measurement of ${\Lambda }_{\mathrm{c}}^{+}$ baryons and ${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{s}}^{+}$ mesons in Pb-Pb collisions with ALICE
• Modification of charged-particle jets in event-shape engineered Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Upgrade of the ALICE central barrel tracking detectors: ITS and TPC
• Multiplicity-dependent production of $\Sigma (1385{)}^{\pm }$ and $\Xi (1530{)}^0$ in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV
• Probing strangeness hadronization with event-by-event production of multistrange hadrons
• Measurement of neutral mesons in pp and Pb-Pb collisions at mid-rapidity with ALICE
• Measurement of the inclusive isolated-photon production cross section in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• A UV laser test bench for micro-pattern gaseous detectors
• Multimuons in cosmic-ray events as seen in ALICE at the LHC
• Medium-induced modification of groomed and ungroomed jet mass and angularities in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Direct-photon production in inelastic and high-multiplicity proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 13 TeV
• Light neutral-meson production in pp collisions at $\sqrt{\mathbf{s}}$ = 13 TeV
• High pt identified particle production in ALICE
• Study of $⟨p_{\mathrm{T}}⟩$ and its higher moments, and extraction of the speed of sound in Pb-Pb collisions with ALICE
• Measurement of the groomed jet radius and momentum splitting fraction in pp and Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Reduction of ion back flow using a quadruple GEM detector with various gas mixtures
• Energy Loss Signals in the ALICE TRD
• Discharge and stability studies for the new readout chambers of the upgraded ALICE TPC
• Production of ${\pi }^0$, $K^{\pm }$ and $\eta$ mesons in Pb-Pb and pp collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=$2.76 TeV measured with the ALICE detector at the LHC
• Hadronic Resonances in Heavy-Ion Collisions at ALICE
• Measurements of differential two-particle number and transverse momentum correlation functions in pp collisions at $\sqrt{\text{s}}$ = 13 TeV
• Exploring nuclear structure with multiparticle azimuthal correlations at the LHC
• Pseudorapidity dependence of anisotropic flow and its decorrelations using long-range multiparticle correlations in Pb-Pb and Xe-Xe collisions
• A Gas Monitoring Chamber for High Pressure Applications
• Measurement of (anti)alpha production in central Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• Performances of a new generation tracking detector: the MEG II cylindrical drfit chamber
• Neutral meson production in pp and Pb-Pb collisions at LHC
• Coherent J/$\psi$ photoproduction at midrapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Prompt production of D mesons with ALICE at the LHC
• Measurement of the inclusive isolated-photon production cross section in pp and Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Exploring the N$\Lambda$-N$\Sigma$ coupled system with high precision correlation techniques at the LHC
• Calculating Jet $v_n$ and the Event Plane in the Presence of a Jet
• Rapidity dependence of antideuteron coalescence in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV with ALICE
• Investigating strangeness enhancement in jet and medium via $\varphi$(1020) production in p$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• Measurement of beauty production via non-prompt charm hadrons in p-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Charged pion identification at high pT in ALICE using TPC dE/dx
• D-meson production in Pb-Pb collisions with ALICE at the LHC
• Measurement of $\omega$ meson production in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Exclusive four pion photoproduction in ultraperipheral Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• (W)hole new field: the new GEM Time Projection Chamber of ALICE
• First measurement of symmetric cumulants of hexagonal flow harmonics in Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• Measurements of mixed harmonic cumulants in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{{\text{s}}_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Open heavy flavour and J/psi production in proton-proton collisions measured with the ALICE experiment at LHC
• Systematic study of flow vector fluctuations in $\sqrt{{\text{s}}_{{}_{\mathbf{NN}}}}=5.02$ TeV Pb-Pb collisions
• Resonance results in 7 TeV pp collisions with the ALICE detector at the LHC
• Measurement of correlations among net-charge, net-proton, and net-kaon multiplicity distributions in Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\text{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Accessing the deuteron source with pion-deuteron femtoscopy in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Measurement of the $\Lambda$ hyperon lifetime
• Development & Characterization of Electrodes for large-scale Xenon Time Projection Chambers
• Production of strange hadrons in jets and underlying events in pp and p-Pb collisions with ALICE
• Study of the d$E$/d$x$ resolution of a GEM Readout Chamber prototype for the upgrade of the ALICE TPC
• Investigating $\Lambda$ baryon production in p-Pb collisions in jets and the underlying event using angular correlations
• (Anti-)deuteron production and anisotropic flow measured with ALICE at the LHC
• Commissioning of a hybrid readout TPC test set-up and gas gain simulations
• A Compact TPC for the sPHENIX Experiment
• J/$\psi$-hadron correlations at midrapidity in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Azimuthal Correlation Anisotropies in p + p Collisions Simulated by Pythia
• A new imaging technology based on Compton X-ray scattering
• Measurement of single event upsets in the ALICE-TPC front-end electronics
• Azimuthal correlations of the longitudinal structure of the mid-rapidity charged-particle multiplicity in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{{}_{\mathrm{NN}}}}=$ 2.76 TeV with ALICE
• Measurement of the ion blocking by the passive bi-polar grid
• Multiplicity-dependent jet modification from di-hadron correlations in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV
• Measurement of the production cross section of prompt ${\Xi }_{\mathrm{c}}^0$ baryons in p$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Measurement of $\omega$ meson production in pp and p$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{{\mathbf{s}}_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Investigating charm production and fragmentation via azimuthal correlations of prompt D mesons with charged particles in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV
• Novel method for in-situ drift velocity measurement in large volume TPCs: the Geometry Reference Chamber of the NA61/SHINE experiment at CERN
• ALICE first physics results
• Characterizing the initial conditions of heavy-ion collisions at the LHC with mean transverse momentum and anisotropic flow correlations
• Transverse Momentum Distributions of Identified Particles in p-Pb Collisions at $\sqrt{{\mathrm{s}}_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02\mathrm{TeV}$
• Nonperturbative factorization breaking and color entanglement effects in dihadron and direct photon-hadron angular correlations in $p$$+$$p$ and $p$$+$A collisions
• First observation of strange baryon enhancement with effective energy in pp collisions at the LHC