An Exceptional VHE Gamma-Ray Flare of PKS 2155-304

Abstract

The high-frequency peaked BL Lac PKS 2155-304 at redshift z=0.116 is a well-known VHE (>100 GeV) gamma-ray emitter. Since 2002 its VHE flux has been monitored using the H.E.S.S. stereoscopic array of imaging atmospheric-Cherenkov telescopes in Namibia. During the July 2006 dark period, the average VHE flux was measured to be more than ten times typical values observed from the object. This article focuses solely on an extreme gamma-ray outburst detected in the early hours of July 28, 2006 (MJD 53944). The average flux observed during this outburst is I(>200 GeV) = (1.72$\pm$$0.05_{\mathrm{stat}}$$\pm$$0.34_{\mathrm{syst}}$) $\times$ 10${}^{-9}$ cm${}^{-2}$ s${}^{-1}$, corresponding to ~7 times the flux, I(>200 GeV), observed from the Crab Nebula. Peak fluxes are measured with one-minute time scale resolution at more than twice this average value. Variability is seen up to ~600 s in the Fourier power spectrum, and well-resolved bursts varying on time scales of ~200 seconds are observed. There are no strong indications for spectral variability within the data. Assuming the emission region has a size comparable to the Schwarzschild radius of a ~10${}^9{M}_{\odot }$ black hole, Doppler factors greater than 100 are required to accommodate the observed variability time scales.

Accepted (June 5, 2007) for publication in ApJ Letters; 6 pages, 3 figures; [Revisions: added 1 reference to a newly accepted article, 1 extra digit added to 1st column in table 1, \clearpages removed to save trees.]

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• Gamma-rays from the IC $e^{\pm }$ pair cascade in the radiation field of an accretion disk: Application to CenA
• Particle acceleration by magnetic reconnection in relativistic jets: the transition from small to large scales
• Inter-Plasmoid Compton Scattering and the Compton Dominance of BL Lacs
• Optical variability power spectrum analysis of blazar sources on intranight timescales
• Topics in microphysics of relativistic plasmas
• Study of correlation between optical flux and polarization variations in BL Lac objects
• Ultrafast Variability in AGN Jets: Intermittency and Lighthouse Effect
• Rapid high-amplitude gamma-ray variability in Blazar PKS 0507+17
• The variability of blazars throughout the electromagnetic spectrum
• Localizing the $\gamma$-ray emitting region in the blazar TXS 2013+370
• A numerical study of long-term multi-wavelength blazar variability
• The effect of cooling on particle trajectories and acceleration in relativistic magnetic reconnection
• Extragalactic Observatory Science with the ASTRI Mini-Array at the Observatorio del Teide
• Exploring the connection between radio and GeV-TeV gamma-ray emission in the 1FHL and 2FHL AGN samples
• Extremely High energy peaked BL Lac nature of the TeV blazar Mrk 501
• On the Origin and Evolution of Curvature of the Spectral Energy Distribution of Fermi Bright Blazars
• Constraints on black hole massess with timescales of variations in blazars
• Search for intra-day optical variability in Mrk 501
• Understanding the General Feature of Microvariability in $Kepler$ Blazar W2R 1926$+$42
• Swift/XRT view on S5 0716+714 during a flare
• On the determination of log-normal flux distributions for astrophysical systems
• Interferometric Monitoring of Gamma-ray Bright AGNs: Measuring the Magnetic Field Strength of 4C +29.45
• High zenith angle observations of PKS 2155-304 with the MAGIC-I telescope
• Unveiling the broadband spectral and temporal properties of PKS\,0903-57 during its brightest flare
• Upgrading and testing the 3D reconstruction of gamma-ray air showers as observed with an array of Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes
• Optical Spectroscopy of Blazars for the Cherenkov Telescope Array -- II
• Optical variability of the blazar 3C 371: from minute to year timescales
• Galactic and Extragalactic Sources of Very High Energy Gamma-rays
• Rapid X-ray Variability in Mkn 421 during a Multiwavelength Campaign
• A time-dependent particle acceleration and emission model: Understanding the particle spectral evolution and blazar flares
• A general relativistic external Compton-scattering model for TeV emission from M87
• H.E.S.S. Monitoring of PKS 2155-304 in 2015 and 2016
• Very-high-energy $\gamma$-ray emission from young massive star clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The Cluster-Scale Environment of PKS 2155-304
• Evidence for quasi-periodic oscillations in the optical polarization of the blazar PKS 2155-304
• Radiative kinetic simulations of steady-state relativistic plasmoid magnetic reconnection
• Unusual Flaring Activity in the Blazar PKS 1424-418 during 2008-2011
• VHE Gamma-Ray Induced Pair Cascades in Blazars and Radio Galaxies: Application to NGC 1275
• Study of the variability of Blazars gamma-ray emission
• Simulations of Stochastic Long-Term Variability in Leptonic Models for External-Compton and Synchrotron Self-Compton Dominated Blazars
• On the Galactic Center Being the Main Source of Galactic Cosmic Rays as Evidenced by Recent Cosmic Ray and Gamma Ray Observations
• Synchrotron Self-Compton Model for PKS 2155-304
• Extension of the synchrotron radiation of electrons to very high energies in clumpy environments
• Extremely high polarization in 2010 outburst of blazar 3C 454.3
• Search for periodicities in High Energy AGNs with a time-domain approach
• Jets, black holes and disks in blazars
• Modelling the $\gamma$-ray variability of 3C 273
• Multiwavelength flaring activity of PKS1510-089
• X-ray variability patterns in blazars
• An original constraint on the Hubble constant: h>0.74
• Fast variability of gamma-ray emission from supermassive black hole binary OJ 287
• A Simple Method to Test for Energy-Dependent Dispersion in High Energy Light-Curves of Astrophysical Sources
• Energy extraction through magnetic reconnection from a Kerr-Newman black hole in perfect fluid dark matter
• Multi-wavelength temporal variability of the blazar PKS 1510-089
• Multi-wavelength study of blazar 4C +01.02 during its long-term flaring activity in 2014-2017
• High-Energy gamma-ray Astronomy and String Theory
• Inverse Compton light curves of blazars under non-linear, time-dependent synchrotron-self Compton cooling
• Electron-beam interaction with emission-line clouds in blazars
• Jetted Active Galactic Nuclei
• Short-term X-ray Variability during Different Activity Phases of Blazars S5 0716+714 and PKS 2155-304
• On leptonic models for blazars in the Fermi era
• Model-independent Redshift Estimation of BL Lac Objects through VHE Observations
• Time dependent gamma-ray production in the anisotropic IC $e^{\pm }$ pair cascade initiated by electrons in active galaxies
• Extreme TeV BL Lacs: a self-consistent stochastic acceleration model
• The observability of plasmoid-powered $\gamma$-ray flares with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
• Magnetic Energy Conversion in MHD: Curvature Relaxation and Perpendicular Expansion of Magnetic Fields
• Looking into the Jet Cone of the Neutrino-Associated Very High Energy Blazar PKS 1424+240
• Gamma Rays From Blazars
• A numerical model of parsec scale SSC morphologies and their radio emission
• Potential of the next generation VHE instruments to probe the EBL (I): the low- and mid-VHE
• X-ray Polarization of the High-Synchrotron-Peak BL Lacertae Object 1ES 1959+650 during Intermediate and High X-ray Flux States
• The origin of multi-TeV flares from the nearest blazar Markarian 421
• EBL effect on the observation of multi-TeV flaring of 2009 from Markarian 501
• Astro-COLIBRI 2 -- an advanced platform for real-time multi-messenger discoveries
• Search of the pair echo signatures in the high-energy light curve of GRB190114C
• TeV Gamma Ray Astronomy
• AGILE, Fermi, Swift, and GASP-WEBT multi-wavelength observations of the high-redshift blazar 4C $+$71.07 in outburst
• Insights from the first flaring activity of a high-synchrotron-peaked blazar with X-ray polarization and VHE gamma rays
• Multi-messenger emission from magnetic reconnection in blazar jets: the case of TXS 0506+056
• A Search for Fast X-ray Variability from Active Galactic Nuclei using Swift
• On the radio and NIR jet of PKS 2155-304 and its close environment
• Flux and spectral variability of Mrk 421 during its moderate activity state using NuSTAR: Possible accretion disc contribution?
• Sub-milliarcsecond imaging of a bright flare and ejection event in the extragalactic jet 3C 111
• A stratified jet model for AGN emission in the two-flow paradigm
• Identification of blazar candidates behind Small and Large Magellanic Clouds
• Hard MeV-GeV spectra of blazars
• A method for untriggered time-dependent searches for multiple flares from neutrino point sources
• Hadronic modeling of TeV AGN: gammas and neutrinos
• Multi-frequency Variability Study of Flat-Spectrum Radio Quasar PKS 0346-27
• The optical polarization of the blazar PKS 2155$-$304 during an optical flare in 2010
• High-(Energy)-Lights -- The Very High Energy Gamma-Ray Sky
• Constraining X-ray emission in HBL blazars using multiwavelength observations
• Insights into the Long-Term Flaring Events of Blazar PKS 0805-07: A Multi-Wavelength Analysis over the 2009-2023 Period
• Flaring of Blazars from an Analytical, Time-dependent Model for Combined Synchrotron and Synchrotron Self-Compton Radiative Losses of Multiple Ultrarelativistic Electron Populations
• Signal extraction in atmospheric shower arrays designed for $200\mathrm{GeV}-50\mathrm{TeV}$ $\gamma$-ray astronomy
• Collimation and Radiative Deceleration of Jets in TeV AGNs
• The $\gamma$-ray emitting region in low synchrotron peak blazars. Testing self-synchrotron Compton and external Compton scenarios
• Neutrinos from photo-hadronic interactions in Pks2155-304
• Blazar jets as possible sources of ultra-high energy photons: a short review
• On the connection of radio and $\gamma$-ray emission in blazars
• Monitoring TeV blazars with HAWC
• Spectral Modeling of Flares in Long Term Gamma-Ray Light Curve of PKS 0903-57
• The Parsec-Scale Structure of the Newer TeV Blazars
• Two blobs in a jet model for the gamma-ray emission in radio galaxies
• Synchrotron Gamma-Ray Emission Model of the Giant Outburst of Quasar 3C 279 in 2015 June: Fast Reconnection or Stochastic Acceleration with Electromagnetic Cascade?
• Nine years of multi-frequency monitoring of the blazar PKS 0048-097: spectral and temporal variability
• Suborbital Fermi/LAT Analysis of the Brightest Gamma-Ray Flare of Blazar 3C 454.3
• Quantitative comparisons of VHE gamma-ray blazar flares with relativistic reconnection models
• Observational Signatures of Gamma Rays from Bright Blazars and Wakefield Theory
• The Japanese Vision for the Black Hole Explorer Mission
• Two active states of the narrow-line gamma-ray-loud AGN GB 1310+487
• Gamma-ray blazar spectra with H.E.S.S. II mono analysis: the case of PKS 2155-304 and PG 1553+113
• TANAMI: Tracking Active Galactic Nuclei with Austral Milliarcsecond Interferometry. III. First-epoch S band images
• Revisiting the TeV flare of PKS 2155-304 in 2006
• Absorption effects in the blazar's gamma-ray spectra due to luminous stars crossing the jet
• Constraints on axionlike particles with different magnetic field models from the PKS 2155-304 energy spectrum
• Observations of very high energy gamma-ray emission from AGNs with the ground-based EAS arrays
• Intranight variability of UV emission from powerful blazars
• Convex X-ray Spectra of PKS 2155-304 and Constraints on the Minimum Electron Energy
• Follow-up Observations for IceCube-170922A: Detection of Rapid Near-Infrared Variability and Intensive Monitoring of TXS 0506+056
• Effects of Spin on High-Energy Radiation from Accreting Black Holes
• INTEGRAL and Swift/XRT observations of the source PKS 0208-512
• Blazars and Optical Depth in a non-linear, time-dependent injection and cooling scenario
• Modelling the emission from blazar jets - the case of PKS 2155-304
• Stringy Space-Time Foam and High-Energy Cosmic Photons
• Recent Topics on Very High Energy Gamma-ray Astronomy
• A numerical study on the role of instabilities on multi-wavelength emission signatures of blazar jets
• Separating source-intrinsic and Lorentz invariance violation induced delays in the very high energy emission of blazar flares
• Discriminating between different modified dispersion relations from gamma-ray observations
• Status of Very High Energy gamma-ray Astronomy as of early 2008
• The mid-2016 flaring activity of the flat spectrum radio quasar PKS 2023-07
• Optically thick, nonlocal, inhomogeneous, stationary jet model for high-energy radiation from blazars: Application to Mrk 421
• Particle acceleration and the origin of the very high energy emission around black holes and relativistic jets
• Blazar jet physics in the age of Fermi
• Very-high-energy gamma-ray detection and long-term multi-wavelength view of the flaring blazar B2 1811+31
• Implications of Bulk Velocity Structures in AGN Jets
• Emission and power of blazar jets
• Constraining the redshift of BL Lac VER J0521+211
• High energy emission from transients
• The H.E.S.S. extragalactic sky survey with the first decade of observations
• VHE $\gamma$-ray observations of bright BL Lacs with the Large-Sized Telescope prototype (LST-1) of the CTAO
• Estimation of the TeV gamma-ray duty cycle of Mrk 421 with the Milagro observatory
• Multi-band implications of external-IC flares
• Nonthermal Radiation of the Extreme TeV Blazar 1ES 0229+200 from Electromagnetic Cascades on Infrared Photon Field
• Scaling of Magnetic Dissipation and Particle Acceleration in ABC Fields
• Prospects On Testing Lorentz Invariance Violation With The Cherenkov Telescope Array
• Rapid variability at very high energies in Mrk 501
• M@TE - Monitoring at TeV Energies
• NuSTAR View of TeV Blazar Mrk 501
• Millimeter-wave Monitoring of Active Galactic Nuclei with the Africa Millimetre Telescope
• Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray acceleration by magnetic reconnection in relativistic jets and the origin of very high energy emission
• Highlights from the VERITAS AGN Observation Program
• Searches for very high energy gamma rays from blazars with CANGAROO-III telescope in 2005-2009
• Photon breeding mechanism in relativistic jets: astrophysical implications
• Highlights from the VERITAS AGN Observation Program
• Active Galactic Nuclei - the Physics of Individual Sources and the Cosmic History of Formation and Evolution
• Early Detection of Multiwavelength Blazar Variability
• Successful ToO triggers on the extragalactic sources with the MAGIC telescope
• The H.E.S.S. extragalactic sky
• Monitoring the Variable Gamma-Ray Sky with HAWC
• Tension of toroidal magnetic field in reconnection plasmoids and relativistic jets
• Parsec-scale Structure and Kinematics of Faint TeV HBLs
• Spectral Hardening Revealed by Geometric De-boosting in the Masked Jet of PKS 2155$-$304
• PKS 2155-304: Long-Term Optical Photometric Monitoring and Variability Analysis
• H.E.S.S.: The High Energy Stereoscopic System
• The radio morphology of a spatially resolved SSC model
• Proposed method for searches of gravitational waves from PKS 2155-304 and other blazar flares
• The new model of fitting the spectral energy distributions of Mkn 421 and Mkn 501
• Multi-wavelength observations of the Blazar 4C +28.07
• A New Eye on the VHE Transient Universe with the HAWC Online Flare Monitor
• Fast Optical Variability of the TeV Blazar PKS 1725+123 Observed by SVOM-VT and Insights from Multi-wavelength Follow-up Observations
• A Physical Model for the Revised Blazar Sequence
• First Study of Combined Blazar Light Curves with FACT and HAWC
• Gamma-ray emission from AGNs
• Extragalactic Observations with HESS: Past and Future
• High-Energy Polarization: Scientific Potential and Model Predictions
• Radio Jet Properties of the Flaring Gamma-Ray Blazar PKS 0346-27
• Similarity and diversity of black holes - view from the Very High Energies
• Optimal strategies for observation of active galactic nuclei variability with Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes
• The Additional Representative Images for Legacy (ARI-L) project for the ALMA Science Archive
• 20 years of monitoring: PKS 2155-304 and PKS 1510-089 in the eyes of Swift and Fermi. I. The case of PKS 2155-304
• A long-term multiwavelength study of the flat spectrum radio quasar OP 313
• Probing Cosmic Accelerators Using VHE Gamma Rays and UHE cosmic rays