Physical Parameters and Wind Properties of Galactic Early B Supergiants

Abstract

We present optical studies of the physical and wind properties, plus CNO chemical abundances, of 25 O9.5-B3 Galactic supergiants. We employ non-LTE, line blanketed, extended model atmospheres, which provide a modest downward revision in the effective temperature scale of early B supergiants of up to 1-2kK relative to previous non-blanketed results. The so-called `bistability jump' at B1 (Teff ~ 21kK) from Lamers et al. is rather a more gradual trend (with large scatter) from v_inf/v_esc ~ 3.4 for B0--0.5 supergiants above 24kK to v_inf/v_esc ~ 2.5 for B0.7-1 supergiants with 20kK < Teff < 24kK, and v_inf/v_esc ~ 1.9 for B1.5-3 supergiants below 20kK. This, in part, explains the break in observed UV spectral characteristics between B0.5 and B0.7 subtypes as discussed by Walborn et al. We compare derived (homogeneous) wind densities with recent results for Magellanic Cloud B supergiants and generally confirm theoretical expectations for stronger winds amongst Galactic supergiants. However, winds are substantially weaker than predictions from current radiatively driven wind theory, especially at mid-B subtypes, a problem which is exacerbated if winds are already clumped in the H-alpha line forming region. In general, CNO elemental abundances reveal strongly processed material at the surface of Galactic B supergiants, with mean N/C and N/O abundances 10 and 5 times higher than the Solar value, respectively, with HD 2905 (BC0.7 Ia) indicating the lowest degree of processing in our sample, and HD 152236 (B1.5 Ia+) the highest.

18 pages, 9 figures, accepted for A&A

References in corpus (16)

• Mass-loss predictions for O and B stars as a function of metallicity
• A Hipparcos census of the nearby OB associations
• A new calibration of stellar parameters of Galactic O stars
• Line formation in solar granulation: IV. [O I], OI and OH lines and the photospheric O abundance
• A Grid of NLTE Line-Blanketed Model Atmospheres of O-type Stars
• Stellar evolution with rotation X: Wolf-Rayet star populations at solar metallicity
• Atmospheric NLTE-Models for the Spectroscopic Analysis of Blue Stars with Winds. II. Line-Blanketed Models
• Revised Stellar Temperatures for Magellanic Cloud O Supergiants from FUSE and VLT-UVES Spectroscopy
• Fundamental parameters of Galactic luminous OB stars VI. Temperatures, masses and WLR of Cyg OB2 supergiants
• Understanding B-type Supergiants in the Low Metallicity Environment of the SMC
• Spectral Modelling of Star-Forming Regions in the Ultraviolet: Stellar Metallicity Diagnostics for High Redshift Galaxies
• Understanding B-type supergiants in the low metallicity environment of the SMC II
• Quantitative studies of the Far-UV, UV and optical spectra of late O and early B-type supergiants in the Magellanic Clouds
• Quantitative H and K band spectroscopy of Galactic OB-stars at medium resolution
• Terminal velocities of luminous, early-type SMC stars
• The ionization structure of early-B supergiant winds

Cited by in corpus (203)

• MESA Isochrones and Stellar Tracks (MIST). I: Solar-Scaled Models
• Grids of stellar models with rotation - I. Models from 0.8 to 120 Msun at solar metallicity (Z = 0.014)
• Core-Collapse Supernovae from 9 to 120 Solar Masses Based on Neutrino-powered Explosions
• Pre-Supernova Evolution of Massive Single and Binary Stars
• Formation of Double Neutron Star Systems
• A Grid of NLTE Line-Blanketed Model Atmospheres of Early B-type Stars
• Mass loss from hot massive stars
• The empirical metallicity dependence of the mass-loss rate of O- and early B-type stars
• Evidence for Warped Disks of Young Stars in the Galactic Center
• The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: constraints on stellar evolution from the chemical compositions of rapidly rotating Galactic and Magellanic Cloud B-type stars
• The VLT-FLAMES Survey of Massive Stars: Observations centered on the Magellanic Cloud clusters NGC 330, NGC 346, NGC 2004, and the N11 region
• A census of the Wolf-Rayet content in Westerlund 1 from near-infrared imaging and spectroscopy
• The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: Evolution of surface N abundances and effective temperature scales in the Galaxy and Magellanic Clouds
• The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: Surface chemical compositions of B-type stars in the Magellanic Clouds
• The ephemeris, orbital decay, and masses of 10 eclipsing HMXBs
• The atmospheric parameters and spectral interpolator for the stars of MILES
• Bright OB stars in the Galaxy IV. Stellar and wind parameters of early to late B supergiants
• The evolution of massive stars and their spectra I. A non-rotating 60 Msun star from the zero-age main sequence to the pre-supernova stage
• Using Quantitative Spectroscopic Analysis to Determine the Properties and Distances of Type II-Plateau Supernovae: SNe 2005cs and 2006bp
• The spectroscopic Hertzsprung-Russell diagram of Galactic massive stars
• The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey - XI. A census of the hot luminous stars and their feedback in 30 Doradus
• The Massive Star Population of Cygnus OB2
• Multi-wavelength observations of Galactic hard X-ray sources discovered by INTEGRAL. I. The nature of the companion star
• Towards a unified view of inhomogeneous stellar winds in isolated supergiant stars and supergiant high mass X-ray binaries
• Quantitative studies of the optical and UV spectra of Galactic early B supergiants I. Fundamental parameters
• A downward revision to the distance of the 1806-20 cluster and associated magnetar from Gemini near-Infrared spectroscopy
• A comparison of evolutionary tracks for single Galactic massive stars
• The VLT-FLAMES Survey of Massive Stars: Stellar parameters and rotational velocities in NGC3293, NGC4755 and NGC6611
• Statistical properties of a sample of periodically variable B-type supergiants - Evidence for opacity-driven gravity-mode oscillations
• Metallicity in the Galactic Center: The Quintuplet cluster
• On the nature of the prototype LBV AG Carinae I. Fundamental parameters during visual minimum phases and changes in the bolometric luminosity during the S-Dor cycle
• Multi-wavelength observations of Galactic hard X-ray sources discovered by INTEGRAL. II. The environment of the companion star
• On the evolution and fate of supermassive stars
• Theory and Diagnostics of Hot Star Mass Loss
• Discovery of a nearby twin of SN1987A's nebula around the luminous blue variable HD168625: Was Sk--69 202 an LBV?
• Galactic Twins of the Ring Nebula Around SN1987A and a Possible LBV-like Phase for Sk-69 202
• Uncovering the Putative B-Star Binary Companion of the SN 1993J Progenitor
• The population of OB supergiants in the starburst cluster Westerlund 1
• Analysis of Galactic late-type O dwarfs: more constraints on the weak wind problem
• Variability of OB stars from TESS southern Sectors 1-13 and high-resolution IACOB and OWN spectroscopy
• Magnetic massive stars as progenitors of "heavy" stellar-mass black holes
• The Stellar Population of h and chi Persei: Cluster Properties, Membership, and the Intrinsic Colors and Temperatures of Stars
• The Magnetic Early B-type Stars III: A main sequence magnetic, rotational, and magnetospheric biography
• The nature of B supergiants: clues from a steep drop in rotation rates at 22000 K. The possibility of Bi-stability braking
• On the nature of the galactic early-B hypergiants
• The IACOB project. V. Spectroscopic parameters of the O-type stars in the modern grid of standards for spectral classification
• Metallicity-dependent wind parameter predictions for OB stars
• The chemical composition of the Orion star forming region: I. Homogeneity of O and Si abundances in B-type stars
• Fundamental parameters of B Supergiants from the BCD System
• Near-infrared counterparts to Chandra X-ray sources toward the Galactic Center. II. Discovery of Wolf-Rayet stars and O supergiants
• The Massive Star Content of NGC 3603
• A quantitative study of O stars in NGC2244 and the Mon OB2 association
• The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey XIX. B-type Supergiants - Atmospheric parameters and nitrogen abundances to investigate the role of binarity and the width of the main sequence
• Progressive star formation in the young galactic super star cluster NGC 3603
• The G305 star-forming complex: the central star clusters Danks 1 and Danks 2
• The effects of surface fossil magnetic fields on massive star evolution: I. Magnetic field evolution, mass-loss quenching and magnetic braking
• The ARAUCARIA project: Grid-Based Quantitative Spectroscopic Study of Massive Blue Stars in NGC55
• Two bi-stability jumps in theoretical wind models for massive stars and the implications for Luminous Blue Variable supernovae
• Grids of stellar models with rotation VI: Models from 0.8 to 120 $M_{\odot }$ at a metallicity Z = 0.006
• And in the Darkness Bind Them: Equatorial Rings, B[e] Supergiants, and the Waists of Bipolar Nebulae
• A VLT/FLAMES survey for massive binaries in Westerlund 1. IV. Wd1-5 - binary product and a pre-supernova companion for the magnetar CXOU J1647-45?
• Demonstration of stellar intensity interferometry with the four VERITAS telescopes
• Winds of low-metallicity OB-type stars: HST-COS spectroscopy in IC1613
• X-Shooting ULLYSES: massive stars at low metallicity. I. Project Description
• Luminous and Variable Stars in M31 and M33. II. Luminous Blue Variables, Candidate LBVs, Fe II Emission Line Stars, and Other Supergiants
• OB Stars & Stellar Bowshocks in Cygnus-X: A Novel Laboratory Estimating Stellar Mass Loss Rates
• Modelling the clumping-induced polarimetric variability of hot star winds
• Modeling the early evolution of massive OB stars with an experimental wind routine
• Blowing in the wind: The dust wave surrounding $\sigma$ Ori AB
• K2 photometry and HERMES spectroscopy of the blue supergiant rho Leo: rotational wind modulation and low-frequency waves
• The first X-ray survey of Galactic Luminous Blue Variables
• Early Ultraviolet, Optical and X-Ray Observations of the Type IIP SN 2005cs in M51 with Swift
• Wind-envelope interaction as the origin of the slow cyclic brightness variations of luminous blue variables
• The origin of long-period X-ray pulsars
• A Detailed Study of 2S 0114+650 with the RXTE
• Fast & slow winds from supergiants and Luminous Blue Variables
• Spectroscopic evolution of massive stars on the main sequence
• Magnetic field measurements and wind-line variability of OB-type stars
• On the Gaia DR2 distances for Galactic Luminous Blue Variables
• Atmospheric parameters and rotational velocities for a sample of Galactic B-type supergiants
• Supernova 1987A: 3D Mixing and light curves for explosion models based on binary-merger progenitors
• Eta Carinae and the Luminous Blue Variables
• The spectacular evolution of Supernova 1996al over 15 years: a low energy explosion of a stripped massive star in a highly structured environment
• The evolution and masses of the neutron star and donor star in the high mass X-ray binary OAO 1657-415
• X-Shooting ULLYSES: Massive stars at low metallicity. III. Terminal wind speeds of ULLYSES massive stars
• APOGEE Net: An expanded spectral model of both low mass and high mass stars
• Spectral atlas of massive stars around He I 10830 A
• The circumstellar environment and evolutionary state of the supergiant B[e] star Wd1-9
• A Spectroscopic Study of Field and Runaway OB Stars
• The stellar and wind parameters of six prototypical HMXBs and their evolutionary status
• Slow Radiation-Driven Wind Solutions of A-Type Supergiants
• Young stars and brown dwarfs surrounding Alnilam (eps Ori) and Mintaka (del Ori)
• Massive stars in the Cl 1813-178 Cluster. An episode of massive star formation in the W33 complex
• Spectroscopic and physical parameters of Galactic O-type stars. II. Observational constraints on projected rotational and extra broadening velocities as a function of fundamental parameters and stellar evolution
• The theory of stellar winds
• On the nature of the prototype LBV AG Carinae II. Witnessing a massive star evolving close to the Eddington and bistability limits
• A Multiwavelength Study of Evolved Massive Stars in the Galactic Center
• Radial pulsation as a function of hydrogen abundance
• Interplay between pulsations and mass loss in the blue supergiant 55 Cygnus = HD 198478
• The deep OB star population in Carina from the VST Photometric H$\alpha$ Survey (VPHAS+)
• Spectral classification of the mass donors in the high-mass X-ray binaries EXO 1722-363 and OAO 1657-415
• Testing the predicted mass-loss bi-stability jump at radio wavelengths
• Discovery of a young massive stellar cluster near HESS J1813-178
• Discovery of an eccentric 30 days period in the supergiant X-ray binary SAX J1818.6-1703 with INTEGRAL
• X-ray photoionized bubble in the wind of Vela X-1 pulsar supergiant companion
• New massive members of Cygnus OB2
• Low-frequency photospheric and wind variability in the early-B supergiant HD 2905
• New mass-loss rates of B supergiants from global wind models
• First results from the LIFE project: discovery of two magnetic hot evolved stars
• Unlocking Galactic Wolf-Rayet stars with $\text{Gaia}$ DR2 II: Cluster and Association membership
• Stochastic light variations in hot stars from wind instability: Finding photometric signatures and testing against the TESS data
• Critical angular velocity and anisotropic mass loss of rotating stars with radiation-driven winds
• On the H$\alpha$ Behaviour of Blue Supergiants: Rise and Fall over the Bi-stability Jump
• X-ray, UV and optical analysis of supergiants: $\epsilon$ Ori
• CMF models of hot star winds II. Reduction of O star wind mass-loss rates in global models
• Upper Mass-Loss Limits and Clumping in the Intermediate and Outer Wind Regions of OB stars
• Two spotted and magnetic early B-type stars in the young open cluster NGC2264 discovered by MOST and ESPaDOnS
• A peculiar Of star in the Local Group galaxy IC 1613
• The blue supergiant Sher 25 and its intriguing hourglass nebula
• The distances to star-clusters hosting Red Supergiants: $\chi$ Per, NGC 7419, and Westerlund 1
• An ALMA 3mm continuum census of Westerlund 1
• The effects of surface fossil magnetic fields on massive star evolution: IV. Grids of models at Solar, LMC, and SMC metallicities
• Clumping and X-Rays in cooler B supergiant stars
• OB stars at the lowest Local Group metallicity: GTC-OSIRIS observations of Sextans A
• Discovery of hot supergiant stars near the Galactic center
• A VLT/FLAMES survey for massive binaries in Westerlund 1: VII. Cluster census
• New OB star candidates in the Carina Arm around Westerlund 2 from VPHAS+
• Dusty Blue Supergiants: News from High-Angular Resolution Observations
• The IACOB project X. Large-scale quantitative spectroscopic analysis of Galactic luminous blue stars
• The IACOB project IX. Building a modern empirical database of Galactic O9-B9 supergiants: sample selection, description, and completeness
• Quantitative spectroscopy of B-type supergiants
• Evolution of the progenitors of SNe 1993J and 2011dh revealed through late time radio and X-ray studies
• Massive Stars in the W33 Giant Molecular Complex
• Astrophysical parameters of the peculiar X-ray transient IGR J11215-5952
• Wind properties of Milky Way and SMC massive stars: empirical Z dependence from CMFGEN models
• Probing the weak wind phenomenon in Galactic O-type giants
• Multicomponent radiatively driven stellar winds IV. On the helium decoupling in the wind of sigma Ori E
• The isolation of Luminous Blue Variables resembles aging B-type supergiants, not the most massive unevolved stars
• Blue supergiants as tests for stellar physics
• X-Shooting ULLYSES: Massive Stars at low metallicity IX: Empirical constraints on mass-loss rates and clumping parameters for OB supergiants in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The blue supergiant MN18 and its bipolar circumstellar nebula
• e-MERLIN 21cm constraints on the mass-loss rates of OB stars in Cyg OB2
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: The analysis of the hot-star spectra
• The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey V. The peculiar B[e]-like supergiant, VFTS698, in 30 Doradus
• TYC 3159-6-1: a runaway blue supergiant
• Improved velocity law parameterization for hot star winds
• Single-Star HII Regions as a Probe of Massive Star Spectral Energy Distributions
• Optical spectroscopy of the blue supergiant Sk-69 279 and its circumstellar shell with SALT
• Stellar wind models of central stars of planetary nebulae
• The IACOB project XI. No increase of mass-loss rates over the bistability region
• Physical properties of seven binary and higher-order multiple OB systems
• WS1: one more new Galactic bona fide luminous blue variable
• Astrophysical parameters and orbital solution of the peculiar X-ray transient IGR J00370+6122
• A VLT/FLAMES survey for massive binaries in Westerlund 1 V. the X-ray selected blue stragglers Wd1-27 and -30a
• The Wind of Variable C in M33
• A model for high-mass microquasar jets under the influence of a strong stellar wind
• Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): The multiplicity properties and evolution of BAF-type supergiants
• The Massive Star Population in M101. III. Spectra and Photometry of the Luminous and Variable Stars
• The Maximum Black Hole Mass at Solar Metallicity
• Iron abundances from optical Fe III absorption lines in B-type stellar spectra
• A star forming ring around Kappa Ori 250 pc from the Sun
• The blue supergiant Sher 25 revisited in the Gaia era
• Wind properties of variable B supergiants. Evidence of pulsations connected with mass-loss episodes
• High-resolution spectroscopy of the high velocity hot post-AGB star IRAS 18379-1707 (LS 5112)
• B stars seen at high resolution by XMM-Newton
• Broad Balmer Wings in BA Hyper/Supergiants Distorted by Diffuse Interstellar Bands: Five Examples in the 30 Doradus Region from the VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey
• Creating and using large grids of precalculated model atmospheres for a rapid analysis of stellar spectra
• Blue luminous stars in nearby galaxies - UIT005: a possible link to the luminous blue variable stage
• Broadband Suzaku observations of IGR J16207-5129
• Accretion disc by Roche lobe overflow in the supergiant fast X-ray transient IGR J08408-4503
• Nucleosynthesis from massive stars 50 years after B2FH
• NLTE wind models of hot subdwarf stars
• Candidate Young Stellar Objects in the S-cluster: The Kinematic Analysis of a Sub-population of the Low-mass G-objects close to Sgr A*
• UV spectroscopy of the blue supergiant SBW1: the remarkably weak wind of a SN 1987A analog
• HIP 15429: A newborn Be star on an eccentric binary orbit
• Massive stars in the young cluster VVV CL074
• Variability in Optical Spectra of epsilon Orionis
• Variations of the high-level Balmer line spectrum of the helium-strong star Sigma Orionis E
• Optically-thick Structure in Early B Type Supergiant Stellar Winds at Low Metallicities
• Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Projected rotational velocities
• OB-stars as extreme condition test beds
• Smoothed Temporal Variance Spectrum: weak line profile variations and NRP diagnostics
• The ultraviolet study of B[e] stars: evidence for pulsations, LBV-type variations, and processes in envelope
• Analytical Solutions for Radiation-Driven Winds in Massive Stars. I: The Fast Regime
• The Orion Region: Evidence of enhanced cosmic-ray density in a stellar wind forward shock interaction with a high density shell
• X-Shooting ULLYSES: Massive stars at low metallicity. XIII. Putting the bi-stability jump to the test in the LMC
• Metal-poor single Wolf-Rayet stars: The interplay of optically thick winds and rotation
• The nature of the Cygnus extreme B-supergiant 2MASS J20395358+4222505
• The B-Supergiant Components of the Double-Lined Binary HD1383
• On the importance of the wind emission to the optical continuum of OB supergiants
• One of Everything: The Breakthrough Listen Exotica Catalog
• Evolutionary models for the Very Massive Stars in the R136 cluster of 30 Doradus in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The Blue supergiant problem and the main-sequence width
• Contamination of short GRBs by giant magnetar flares: Significance of downward revision in distance to SGR 1806-20
• Pulsation and Mass Loss Across the HR Diagram: From OB stars to Cepheids to Red Supergiants
• Micro-turbulence across the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Observational constrains for stars in the MW
• Photometric and spectroscopic variability of the blue supergiant rho Leo
• X-Shooting ULLYSES: Massive stars at low metallicity XV. On the metallicity dependence of B-supergiant mass-loss rates
• From stars to nuclei
• Wind accretion onto compact objects
• Wind structure of late B supergiants I. Multi-line analyses of near-surface and wind structure in HD 199 478 (B8 Iae)
• Low-frequency spectra of neutron star + OB supergiant binaries: Does wind density drive persistent and flaring modes of accretion?
• Mixing of CNO-cycled matter in massive stars