Polarimetric Observations of 15 Active Galactic Nuclei at High Frequencies: Jet Kinematics from Bimonthly Monitoring with the Very Long Baseline Array

Abstract

We present total and polarized intensity images of 15 active galactic nuclei obtained with the Very Long Baseline Array at 7 mm at 17 epochs from 1998 March to 2001 April. At some epochs the images are accompanied by nearly simultaneous polarization measurements at 3 mm, 1.35/0.85 mm, and optical wavelengths. Here we analyze the 7 mm images to define the properties of the jets of two radio galaxies, five BL Lac objects, and eight quasars on angular scales $\gtrsim 0.1$ milliarcseconds. We determine the apparent velocities of 106 features in the jets; for many of the features we derive Doppler factors using a new method based on comparison of timescale of decline in flux density with the light-travel time across the emitting region. This allows us to estimate the Lorentz factors, intrinsic brightness temperatures, and viewing angles of 73 superluminal knots, as well as the opening angle of the jet for each source. We analyze the derived physical parameters of the jets. In nine sources we detect statistically meaningful deviations from ballistic motion, with the majority of components accelerating with distance from the core. In six sources we identify jet features with characteristics of trailing shocks that form behind the primary strong perturbations in jet simulations. The apparent speeds of these components increase with distance from the core suggesting an acceleration of the underlying jet.

100 pages, 44 figures, accepted for publication in AJ. This version does not contain figures 1-15,17(sequences of the images) due to very large size of the figures. The complete version (7mm_ms.ps) can be found at the website: www.bu.edu/blazars/multi.html

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• Examining High Energy Radiation Mechanisms of Knots and Hotspots in Active Galactic Nucleus Jets
• Discovery of $\gamma$-ray emission from the radio-intermediate quasar III Zw 2: violent jet activity with intraday $\gamma$-ray variability
• Exploring the Morphology and Origins of the 4C 38.41 Jet
• The first IRAM/PdBI polarimetric millimeter survey of active galactic nuclei. II. Activity and properties of individual sources
• Hiding in Plain Sight - Recovering Clusters of Galaxies with the Strongest AGN in Their Cores
• Unexpected High Brightness Temperature 140 PC from the Core in the Jet of 3C 120
• A persistent double nuclear structure in 3C 84
• Breaking degeneracy in jet dynamics: multi-epoch joint modelling of the BL Lac PKS 2155-304
• A detailed kinematic study of 3C 84 and its connection to Gamma-rays
• Numerical Analysis of Long-term Variability of AGN Jets through RMHD Simulations
• Probing an X-ray flare pattern in Mrk 421 induced by multiple stationary shocks: a solution to the bulk Lorentz factor crisis
• Flux variability from ejectas in structured relativistic jets with large-scale magnetic fields
• How Spatially Resolved Polarimetry Informs Black Hole Accretion Flow Models
• Blazar jet evolution revealed by multi-epoch broadband radio polarimetry
• Application of the spine-layer jet radiation model to outbursts in the broad-line radio galaxy 3C 120
• Early science with Korean VLBI network: the QCAL-1 43GHz calibrator survey
• Interferometric Monitoring of Gamma-ray Bright AGNs: OJ 287
• Influence of the jet opening angle on the derived kinematical parameters of blazar jets having uniform and stratified bulk motion
• Flaring radio lanterns along the ridge line: long-term oscillatory motion in the jet of S5 1803+784
• Cross-entropy optimiser: a new tool to study precession in astrophysical jets
• Magnetic Field Strengths of the Synchrotron Self-Absorption Region in the Jet of CTA 102 During Radio Flares
• Understanding the Geometry of Astrophysical Magnetic Fields
• Optical flux behaviour of a sample of Fermi blazars
• Relativistic Doppler beaming and misalignments in AGN jets
• Mid-infrared Variability of gamma-ray emitting blazars
• Constraints on the location of the gamma-ray emission region for the gamma-ray-loud radio source GB 1310+487
• Flare echos from relaxation shocks in perturbed relativistic jets
• Origin of X-rays in the low state of the FSRQ 3C 273: Evidence of inverse Compton emission
• The Core-like Nature of HST-1 in the M87 Jet
• The Composition and Power of the Jet of the Broad-Line Radio Galaxy 3C 120
• Exploring the Nature of the 2016 γ-ray Emission in the Blazar 1749+096
• On the Origin and Evolution of Curvature of the Spectral Energy Distribution of Fermi Bright Blazars
• A bias in VLBI measurements of the core shift effect in AGN jets
• A Multi-Wavelength Study of Multiple Spectral Component Jets in AGN: Testing the IC/CMB Model for the Large-Scale-Jet X-ray Emission
• FSRQ/BL Lac dichotomy as the magnetized advective accretion process around black holes: a unified classification of blazars
• VLBI for Gravity Probe B. III. A Limit on the Proper Motion of the "Core" of the Quasar 3C 454.3
• Radio jet structures at ~100 parsec and larger scales of the $\gamma$-ray-emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy PMN J0948+0022
• Using variability and VLBI to measure cosmological distances
• Time variability of the core-shift effect in the blazar 3C 454.3
• What Does the Virial Coefficient of the \Hb Broad-Line Region Depend On?
• Spectral index-mass accretion rate correlation and evaluation of black hole masses in AGNs 3C~454.3 and M87
• Discovery of off-axis jet structure of TeV blazar Mrk 501 with mm-VLBI
• Rotation of the optical polarization angle associated with the 2008 γ-ray flare of blazar w comae
• Feeding and feedback in the powerful radio galaxy 3C 120
• Similarity of Jet Radiation between Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars and GeV Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies: A Universal $\delta$-$L_{\mathrm{c}}$ Correlation
• Multi-epoch VLBA observations of 3C 66A
• Opacity, variability and kinematics of AGN jets
• Optical Emission and Particle Acceleration in a Quasi-Stationary Component in the Jet of OJ~287
• Parsec-scale properties of the peculiar gigahertz-peaked spectrum quasar 0858-279
• The microvariability and wavelength dependence of polarization degree/angle of BL Lacertae in the outburst 2020 to 2021
• Study of the variability of Blazars gamma-ray emission
• Repeated patterns of gamma-ray flares suggest structured jets of blazars as likely neutrino sources
• On the origin of GeV spectral break for Fermi blazars: 3C 454.3
• Powerful extragalactic jets dissipate their kinetic energy far from the central black hole
• X-ray Intraday Variability and Power Spectral Density Profiles of the Blazar 3C 273 with XMM-Newton during 2000-2021
• Studies of stationary features in jets: BL Lacertae. I. Dynamics and brightness asymmetry on sub-parsec scales
• The Accretion Disc-Jet Connection in Blazars
• Numerical Investigation of Dynamical and Morphological Trends in Relativistic Jets
• X-ray, UV, and Radio Timing Observations of the Radio Galaxy 3C 120
• Jet Collimation and Acceleration in the Flat Spectrum Radio Quasar 1928+738
• Multiwavelength flaring activity of PKS1510-089
• The nature of the multi-wavelength emission of 3C 111
• Flaring activity from magnetic reconnection in BL Lacertae
• Brightness temperature - obtaining physical properties of non-equipartition plasma
• Parsec-Scale Behavior of Blazars during High Gamma-Ray States
• Theoretical Study Of The Effects Of Magnetic Field Geometry On The High-Energy Emission Of Blazars
• Catching profound optical flares in blazars
• VLBI for Gravity Probe B. II. Monitoring of the Structure of the Reference Sources 3C 454.3, B2250+194, and B2252+172
• First Detection of 350 Micron Polarization From a Radio-loud AGN
• Multiband Observations of the Quasar PKS 2326-502 during Active and Quiescent Gamma-Ray States in 2010-2012
• Detecting the Elusive Blazar Counter-Jets
• Magnetic Domination of Recollimation Boundary Layers in Relativistic Jets
• The Eddington Limit in Cosmic Rays: An Explanation for the Observed Lack of Low-Mass Radio-Loud Quasars and the M_{BH}-M_{Bulge} Relation
• Scaling of Relativistic Shear Flows with Bulk Lorentz Factor
• 3D PIC Simulations for Relativistic Jets with a Toroidal Magnetic Field
• Modeling very long baseline interferometric images with the cross-entropy global optimization technique
• Investigating the connection between gamma-ray activity and relativistic jet in 3C273 during 2015-2019
• Modeling the spectral-energy-distribution of 3C 454.3 in a "flat" broad-line-region scenario
• Multi-band Cross-correlated Radio Variability of the Blazar 3C 279
• Discovery of gamma-ray emission from a strongly lobe-dominated quasar 3C 275.1
• A hydrodynamical model for the FERMI-LAT gamma-ray light curve of Blazar PKS1510-089
• MOJAVE -- XXII. Brightness temperature distributions and geometric profiles along parsec-scale AGN jets
• PAGaN II: The Evolution of AGN Jets on Sub-Parsec Scales
• On the intrinsic shape of gamma-ray spectrum for Fermi blazars
• Short-Term Variability of PKS1510-089
• Relativistic plasmas in AGN jets - From synchrotron radiation to $\gamma$-ray emission
• The Repeating Flaring Activity of Blazar AO 0235+164
• Jet Radiation Properties of 4C +49.22: from the Core to Large-Scale Knots
• Correlations between $\gamma$-ray luminosity and magnetization of the jet as well as relativistic electron injection power:cases for Mrk 421, 3C 454.3 and 3C 279
• Physical Properties of Jets in AGN
• Sub-milliarcsecond imaging of a bright flare and ejection event in the extragalactic jet 3C 111
• Correlation between emission-line luminosity and gamma-ray dominance in the blazar 3C 279
• Time-Variable Linear Polarization as a Probe of the Physical Conditions in the Compact Jets of Blazars
• The $\gamma$-ray emitting region in low synchrotron peak blazars. Testing self-synchrotron Compton and external Compton scenarios
• Double SSA Spectrum and Magnetic Field Strength of the FSRQ 3C 454.3
• Numerical Investigation of Instabilities in Over-pressured Magnetized Relativistic Jets
• Gamma-ray emission region located in the parsec scale jet of OJ287
• A Single Zone Synchrotron Model for Flares of PKS 1510-089
• Kinematic study of the parsec-scale jet of the quasar PKS 1741--03
• Entropy Production in Relativistic Jet Boundary Layers
• Very-long-baseline interferometry study of the flaring blazar TXS 1508+572 in the early Universe
• A simple analytical model of magnetic jets
• Awakening of The High Redshift Blazar CGRaBS J0809+5341
• Bernoulli equation and the nonexistence of maximal jets
• The Rate of Gas Accretion onto Black Holes Drives Jet Velocity
• Moderate Correlation between the Accretion Disk and Jet Power in a Large Sample of Fermi Blazars
• The Study of Jet Formation Mechanism in Fermi Blazars
• The flaring activity of blazar AO 0235+164 during year 2021
• Multiwavelength study of radio galaxy Pictor A: detection of western hotspot in far-UV and possible origin of high energy emissions
• Spatial variations of magnetic field along active galactic nuclei jets on sub-pc to Mpc scales
• Multi-epoch, multi-frequency VLBI study of the parsec-scale jet in the blazar 3C 66A
• Revisiting Correlations Between Broad-Line and Jet Emission Variations for AGNs: 3C 120 and 3C 273
• Identifying compact symmetric objects with high-precision VLBI and Gaia astrometry
• Blazar jet physics in the age of Fermi
• Revisiting 3C 279 jet morphology with space VLBI at 26 microarcsecond resolution
• Hints of correlation between broad-line and radio variations for 3C 120
• Relationship between the $\gamma -$ray variability and the pc-scale jet in the blazar 3C 454.3
• PAGaN I: Multi-Frequency Polarimetry of AGN Jets with KVN
• Magnetic Field Amplification and Blazar Flares
• Kinematics of AGN Jets
• Constraining the $\gamma$-ray Emission Region for Fermi-Detected FSRQs by the Seed Photon Approach
• Evidence for Shock-Shock Interaction in the Jet of CTA 102
• Investigating the variability of Swift-BAT blazars with NICER
• The First VHE Activity of OJ 287 and the Extragalactic Background Light
• VLBI Monitoring of the Sub-parsec-scale Jet in the Radio Galaxy 3C 66B at 22 GHz
• Multifrequency simultaneous VLBA view of the radio source 3C 111
• Modeling Fermi Large Area Telescope and Multiwavelength Data from Blazars
• Gamma-ray flares from the jet of the blazar CTA 102 in 2016-2018
• The innermost regions of the jet in NRAO 150. Wobbling or internal rotation?
• A sensitive study of the peculiar jet structure HST-1 in M87
• The remarkable AGN jets
• Pinpointing the location of the gamma-ray emitting region in the FSRQ 4C+01.28
• A revised view of the linear polarization in the subparsec core of M87 at 7 mm
• Localizing the $\gamma$ rays from blazar PKS 1502+106
• Probing a cosmogenic origin of astrophysical neutrinos and cosmic rays using gamma-ray observations of TXS 0506+056
• A long-term multiwavelength study of the flat spectrum radio quasar OP 313
• TeV gamma-ray spectral spikes produced by magnetic reconnection in blazar jets: the case of the 2014 high state of Markarian 501
• Exploring the magnetic field configuration in BL Lac using GMVA
• A Ring of Fire Orphan γ-Ray Flare in the Neutrino Candidate 3C 120
• The central pc-scale region in blazars: insights from multi-band observations
• Testing Weak Equivalence Principle with IceCube Event and Blazar
• Extragalactic Relativistic Jets and Nuclear Regions in Galaxies
• On the Lorentz Factor of Superluminal Sources
• Unveiling the Complex Jet Dynamics in the Blazar 2021+317 through Multi-Epoch VLBI Observations
• Probing the innermost regions of AGN jets and their magnetic fields with RadioAstron. V. Space and ground millimeter-VLBI imaging of OJ 287