Abundance Gradients and the Formation of the Milky Way

Abstract

In this paper we adopt a chemical evolution model, which is an improved version of the Chiappini, Matteucci and Gratton (1997) model, assuming two main accretion episodes for the formation of the Galaxy. The present model takes into account in more detail than previously the halo density distribution and explores the effects of a threshold density in the star formation process, during both the halo and disk phases. In the comparison between model predictions and available data, we have focused our attention on abundance gradients as well as gas, stellar and star formation rate distributions along the disk. We suggest that the mechanism for the formation of the halo leaves detectable imprints on the chemical properties of the outer regions of the disk, whereas the evolution of the halo and the inner disk are almost completely disentangled. This is due to the fact that the halo and disk densities are comparable at large Galactocentric distances and therefore the gas lost from the halo can substantially contribute to building up the outer disk. We also show that the existence of a threshold density for the star formation rate, both in the halo and disk phase, is necessary to reproduce the majority of observational data in the solar vicinity and in the whole disk. Moreover, we predict that the abundance gradients along the Galactic disk must have increased with time and that the average [alpha/Fe] ratio in stars (halo plus disk) slightly decrease going from 4 to 10 Kpcs from the Galactic center. We also show that the same ratios increase substantially towards the outermost disk regions and the expected scatter in the stellar ages decreases, because the outermost regions are dominated by halo stars.

41 pages (including the figures), To be published in ApJ

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• Galactic Edge Clouds I: Molecular Line Observations and Chemical Modelling of Edge Cloud 2
• The AMBRE Project: Solar neighbourhood chemodynamical constraints on Galactic disc evolution
• LAMOST Medium-Resolution Spectral Survey of Galactic Nebula (LAMOST MRS-N): An overview of Scientific goals and Survey plan
• The star-formation history of low-mass disk galaxies: a case study of NGC\,300
• Progenitors of Supernovae Type Ia and Chemical Enrichment in Hydrodynamical Simulations -I. The Single Degenerate Scenario
• How can star formation be sustained?
• Metallicity Distribution of Disk Stars and the Formation History of the Milky Way
• Simulating Gas Inflow at the Disk-Halo Interface
• Numerical Simulation of a possible origin of the positive radial metallicity gradient of the thick disk
• M101: Spectral Observations of HII Regions and Their Physical Properties
• Chemical Properties of the Local Disk and Halo. II. Abundances of 3745 M dwarfs and Subdwarfs from Improved Model Fitting of Low-Resolution Spectra
• A search for late-type supergiants in the inner regions of the Milky Way
• Radial migration in numerical simulations of Milky Way-sized galaxies
• Velocity and abundance precisions for future high-resolution spectroscopic surveys: a study for 4MOST
• Homogeneous Photometry VI: Variable Stars in the Leo I Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
• The structure of spiral galaxies: radial profiles in stellar Mass-to-Light ratio and the Dark Matter distribution
• 2D chemical evolution models II. Effects of multiple spiral arm patterns on O, Eu, Fe and Ba abundance gradients
• Local Stellar Kinematics from RAVE data - VI. Metallicity Gradients Based on the F-G Main-sequence Stars
• New detections of embedded clusters in the Galactic halo
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: Separating disk chemical substructures with cluster models
• Chemical evolution of ${}^{26}$Al and ${}^{60}$Fe in the Milky Way
• Photometric and spectroscopic study of the intermediate-age open cluster NGC 2355
• Azimuthal variations of oxygen abundance profiles in star-forming regions of disc galaxies in the EAGLE simulations
• Cosmic Star Formation: Constraints on the Galaxy Formation Models
• Galactic coronae in Milky Way-like galaxies: the role of stellar feedback in gas accretion
• On the Chemical and Structural Evolution of the Galactic Disk
• $Chempy$: A flexible chemical evolution model for abundance fitting - Do the Sun's abundances alone constrain chemical evolution models?
• Binary Contamination in the SEGUE sample: Effects on SSPP Determinations of Stellar Atmospheric Parameters
• Direct-method metallicity gradients derived from spectral stacking with SDSS-IV MaNGA
• Testable predictions of outside-in age gradients in dwarf galaxies of all types
• The mass-dependent star formation histories of disk galaxies: infall model versus observations
• A Mechanism for the Oxygen and Iron Bimodal Radial Distribution Formation in the Disc of our Galaxy
• Cosmic star formation rate: a theoretical approach
• Inverted metallicity gradients in two Virgo cluster star-forming dwarf galaxies: evidence of recent merging?
• Remarkable migration of the solar system from the innermost Galactic disk; a wander, a wobble, and a climate catastrophe on the Earth
• Mild evolution of the stellar metallicity gradients of disc galaxies
• The relative efficiencies of bars and clumps in driving disc stars to retrograde motion
• The Influence of Radial Stellar Migration on the Chemical Evolution of the Milky Way
• The growth of the disk galaxy UGC8802
• A Test for Radial Mixing Using Local Star Samples
• Evidence of a Cloud-Cloud Collision from Overshooting Gas in the Galactic Center
• Towards a fully consistent Milky Way disk model -- IV. The impact of Gaia DR2 and APOGEE
• The Gaia-ESO survey: placing constraints on the origin of r-process elements
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: the "G-dwarf problem" revisited
• Orbital and atmospheric parameters of two wide O-type subdwarf binaries: BD$-$11${}^{\mathrm{o}}$162 and Feige 80
• Nitrogen evolution in the halo, thick disc, thin disc and bulge of the Galaxy
• Gas Accretion and Star Formation Rates
• Gas accretion in Milky Way-like galaxies: temporal and radial dependencies
• Time evolution of Ce as traced by APOGEE using giant stars observed with the Kepler, TESS and K2 missions
• GalCEM I -- An Open-Source Detailed Isotopic Chemical Evolution Code
• Kinematics of Stellar Populations with RAVE Data
• JOYS: The [D/H] abundance derived from protostellar outflows across the Galactic disk measured with JWST
• Modelling chemical clocks -- Theoretical evidences of the space and time evolution of [s/alpha] in the Galactic disc with Gaia-ESO survey
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: Matching Chemo-Dynamical Simulations to Observations of the Milky Way
• Galactic r-process abundance feature shaped by radial migration
• Outside-in stellar formation in the spiral galaxy M33?
• The earliest phases of CNO enrichment in galaxies
• The chemical enrichment of the Milky Way disk evaluated using conditional abundances
• Spatially resolved signature of quenching in star-forming galaxies
• CMB as a possible new tool to study the dark baryons in galaxies
• From Galactic Chemical Evolution to Cosmic Supernova Rates Synchronized with Core-Collapse Supernovae Limited to the Narrow Progenitor Mass Range
• Spitzer observations of extragalactic H II regions - III. NGC 6822 and the hot star, H II region connection
• Neon, sulphur and argon abundances of planetary nebulae in the sub-solar metallicity Galactic anti-centre
• Neutrino-driven Core-collapse Supernova Yields in Galactic Chemical Evolution
• The role of massive stars in galactic chemical evolution
• Chemical and photometric evolution models for disk, irregular and low mass galaxies
• Metallicity gradients in the Milky Way
• Spatially resolved properties of the grand-design spiral galaxy UGC 9837: a case for high-redshift 2D observations
• A Monte Carlo based simulation of the galactic chemical evolution of the Milky Way galaxy
• 3D structure of the Milky Way out to 10 kpc from the Sun. Catalogue of large molecular clouds in the Galactic Plane
• Sulfur isotope ratios in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The populations of planetary nebulae in the direction of the Galactic bulge
• Leaves on trees: identifying halo stars with extreme gradient boosted trees
• Cosmological gas accretion history onto the stellar discs of Milky Way-like galaxies in the Auriga simulations -- (I) Temporal dependency
• The nature of Long-GRB host galaxies from chemical abundances
• The role of environment on the star formation history of disc galaxies
• Europium, we have a problem. Modelling r-process enrichment across Local Group galaxies
• NGC 1883: a neglected intermediate-age open cluster located in the outskirts of the Galactic disk
• On the radial metallicity gradient and radial migration effect of the Galactic disk
• Heterogeneous evolution of the galaxy and the origin of the short-lived nuclides in the early solar system
• Turn-off of Deuterium Astration in the Recent Star Formation of the Galaxy Disk
• A negative stellar mass$-$gaseous metallicity gradient relation of dwarf galaxies modulated by stellar feedback
• Chemical abundances of Young Massive Clusters in NGC 1313
• Spectroscopic study of the HII regions in the NGC 1232 galaxy
• The role of radial migration on tracing lithium evolution in the Galactic disk
• Planetary nebulae in the inner Milky Way II: the Bulge-Disk transition
• Disk Galaxy Evolution Along the Hubble Sequence
• The Evolution of Interacting Spiral Galaxy NGC 5194
• Galactic Chemical Evolution Redux: Atomic Numbers 6 < Z < 15
• Uncertainties in models of stellar structure and evolution
• Be, V and Cu in the halo star CS 31082-001 from near-UV spectroscopy
• A Bayesian chemical evolution model of the DustPedia Galaxy M74
• Stellar Populations in the Galactic Center
• Bimodal Distribution of Galactic Disk Stars on the [alpha/Fe]-[Fe/H] Plane as a Possible Evidence of Discontinuous Radial Migration History
• Shaping Galactic Habitability: the impact of stellar migration and gas giants
• Stellar Migration and Chemical Enrichment in the Milky Way Disc: A Hybrid Model
• Probing the origins. I. Generalised Additive Model inference of birth radii for Milky Way stars in the solar vicinity
• Heavy Nuclei Enrichment of the Galactic Cosmic Rays at High Energy: Astrophysical Interpretation
• New SiS destruction and formation routes via neutral-neutral reactions and their fundamental role in interstellar clouds at low and high metallicity values
• Angular momentum, accretion and radial flows in chemodynamical models of spiral galaxies
• Cosmological gas accretion history onto the stellar discs of Milky Way-like galaxies in the Auriga simulations -- (II) The inside-out growth of discs
• A Statistical Study of H I Gas in Nearby Narrow-Line AGN-Hosting Galaxies
• Extragalactic Planetary Nebulae: tracers of the chemical evolution of nearby galaxies
• The Milky Way in context: The formation of galactic discs and chemical sequences from a cosmological perspective
• A path towards constraining the evolution of the interstellar medium and outflows in the Milky Way using APOGEE
• The imprint of bursty star formation on alpha-element abundance patterns in Milky Way-like galaxies
• Quantifying stochasticity-driven uncertainties in H II region metallicities
• On the origin of the Hercules group: I. chemical signatures indicating the outer bar origin
• The LEGARE Project. I. Chemical evolution model of the Nuclear Stellar Disc in a Bayesian framework
• Photometric stellar parameters for asteroseismology and Galactic studies
• Planetary nebulae in the inner Milky Way
• The metal-poorest tail of the Galactic halo: hypothesis on its origin from precise spectral analysis
• Modelling the chemical evolution of the Milky Way
• Alpha-process elements in the Galaxy: a possible GAIA contribution
• Solar twins in Gaia DR3 GSP-Spec II. Age distribution and its implications for the Sun's migration
• Modelling the Milky Way's exoplanet population based on cosmological galaxy simulations
• The assembly history of NGC 1365 through chemical archaeology
• The timescales of chemical enrichment in the Galaxy
• Evolution and star formation history of NGC300 from a chemical evolution model with radial gas inflows
• Local metallicity distribution function derived from Galactic large-scale radial iron pattern modelling
• Resolving the formation of cold HI filaments in the high velocity cloud complex C
• Estimating the Fuel Supply Rate on the Galactic Disk from High Velocity Clouds (HVCs) Infall
• Towards Understanding the Milky Way's Typicality: Assessing the Chemodynamics of M31's Bulge & Bar, Thick & Thin Discs
• Lessons learnt from the Solar neighbourhood and the Kepler field
• The ALPINE-CRISTAL-JWST Survey: Gas-phase abundance gradients of main sequence star-forming galaxies and their kinematics at $4<z<6$
• How does the stellar disk of the Milky Way get its gas?
• The multiple corrugations in the Galactic disk derived from the LAMOST and Gaia survey data
• Chemical Evolution of M31
• Simulating High-Velocity Clouds in the Observational Plane: An Initial Study with the Smith Cloud
• KURVS: chemical properties from multiple strong line calibrations for star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 1.5$
• Two Sites of r-Process Production Assessed on the Basis of the Age-tagged Abundances of Solar Twins
• Open clusters: their kinematics and metellicities
• Habitability on local, Galactic and cosmological scales
• Origin and evolution of the Galactic inventories of interstellar dust and its composition
• The Two-infall Model Revisited: Constraints on Milky Way Bulge Assembly from >30,000 Galactic Chemical Evolution Models and Machine Learning
• A Census of Sun's Ancestors and their Contributions to the Solar System Chemical Composition
• The dependence of the gradients of oxygen and nitrogen-to-oxygen on stellar age in MaNGA galaxies
• Metallicity Structure in Galactic Longitude-Velocity Diagrams of the Milky Way Disk and FIRE-2 Simulations
• Primordial helium-3 redux: The helium isotope ratio of the Orion nebula