Second-Order Raman Scattering in Exfoliated Black Phosphorus

Abstract

Second-order Raman scattering has been extensively studied in carbon-based nanomaterials, \emph{e.g.} nanotube and graphene, because it activates normally forbidden Raman modes that are sensitive to crystal disorder, such as defects, dopants, strain, etc. The sp${}^2$-hybridized carbon systems are, however, the exception among most nanomaterials, where first-order Raman processes usually dominate. Here we report the identification of four second-order Raman modes, named $D_1$, $D_1^{\prime }$, $D_2$ and $D_2^{\prime }$, in exfoliated black phosphorus (P(black)), an elemental direct-gap semiconductor exhibiting strong mechanical and electronic anisotropies. Located in close proximity to the $A_g^1$ and $A_g^2$ modes, these new modes dominate at an excitation wavelength of 633 nm. Their evolutions as a function of sample thickness, excitation wavelength, and defect density indicate that they are defect-activated and involve high-momentum phonons in a doubly-resonant Raman process. \emph{Ab initio} simulations of a monolayer reveal that the $D^{\prime }$ and $D$ modes occur through intravalley scatterings with split contributions in the armchair and zigzag directions, respectively. The high sensitivity of these $D$ modes to disorder helps explaining several discrepancies found in the literature.

18 pages, 5 figures, with supplementary file

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Cited by in corpus (1)

• Visible Out-of-plane Polarized Luminescence and Electronic Resonance from Black Phosphorus