The CMS statistical analysis and combination tool: COMBINE

Abstract

This paper describes the COMBINE software package used for statistical analyses by the CMS Collaboration. The package, originally designed to perform searches for a Higgs boson and the combined analysis of those searches, has evolved to become the statistical analysis tool presently used in the majority of measurements and searches performed by the CMS Collaboration. It is not specific to the CMS experiment, and this paper is intended to serve as a reference for users outside of the CMS Collaboration, providing an outline of the most salient features and capabilities. Readers are provided with the possibility to run COMBINE and reproduce examples provided in this paper using a publicly available container image. Since the package is constantly evolving to meet the demands of ever-increasing data sets and analysis sophistication, this paper cannot cover all details of COMBINE. However, the online documentation referenced within this paper provides an up-to-date and complete user guide.

Replaced with the published version. Added the journal reference and the DOI. All the figures and tables can be found at http://cms-results.web.cern.ch/cms-results/public-results/publications/CAT-23-001 (CMS Public Pages)

References in corpus (8)

• Observation of a new boson at a mass of 125 GeV with the CMS experiment at the LHC
• Combined Measurement of the Higgs Boson Mass in $pp$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ and 8 TeV with the ATLAS and CMS Experiments
• Combined results of searches for the standard model Higgs boson in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV
• Search for the $b\bar{b}$ decay of the Standard Model Higgs boson in associated $(W/Z)H$ production with the ATLAS detector
• Search for the standard model Higgs boson decaying to a W pair in the fully leptonic final state in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV
• Handling uncertainties in background shapes: the discrete profiling method
• Combined searches for the production of supersymmetric top quark partners in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 13 TeV
• Practical Statistics for the LHC

Cited by in corpus (88)

• Review of searches for vector-like quarks, vector-like leptons, and heavy neutral leptons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV at the CMS experiment
• Measurement of the Higgs boson mass and width using the four-lepton final state in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Search for heavy pseudoscalar and scalar bosons decaying to a top quark pair in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Search for light long-lived particles decaying to displaced jets in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13.6 TeV
• Measurement of light-by-light scattering and the Breit-Wheeler process, and search for axion-like particles in ultraperipheral PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• Measurement of the $\mathrm{t}\bar{\mathrm{t}}$H and tH production rates in the H $\to$ $\mathrm{b}\bar{\mathrm{b}}$ decay channel using proton-proton collision data at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Measurements of inclusive and differential cross sections for top quark production in association with a Z boson in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• High-precision measurement of the W boson mass with the CMS experiment
• Search for vector-like leptons with long-lived particle decays in the CMS muon system in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• t-channel dark matter at the LHC -- a whitepaper
• Search for long-lived heavy neutral leptons in proton-proton collision events with a lepton-jet pair associated with a secondary vertex at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Refinable modeling for unbinned SMEFT analyses
• Measurement of inclusive and differential cross sections for W${}^{+}$W${}^{-}$ production in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13.6 TeV
• Measurement of the inclusive cross sections for W and Z boson production in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 5.02 and 13 TeV
• Search for heavy long-lived charged particles with large ionization energy loss in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Test of lepton flavor universality in semileptonic B${}_{\text{c}}^{+}$ meson decays in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Unbinned inclusive cross-section measurements with machine-learned systematic uncertainties
• Measurement of inclusive and differential cross sections of single top quark production in association with a W boson in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13.6 TeV
• Measurement of the inclusive $\mathrm{t}\bar{\mathrm{t}}$ cross section in final states with at least one lepton and additional jets with 302 pb${}^{-1}$ of pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 5.02 TeV
• A detailed study on the prospects for a $\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}$ threshold scan in ${\mathrm{e}}^{+}{\mathrm{e}}^{-}$ collisions
• Search for flavor-changing neutral current interactions of the top quark mediated by a Higgs boson in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV
• Observation of WZ$\gamma$ production and constraints on new physics scenarios in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Search for $t$-channel scalar and vector leptoquark exchange in the high-mass dimuon and dielectron spectra in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• A joint explanation for the soft lepton and monojet LHC excesses in the wino-bino model
• Measurement of WWZ and ZH production cross sections at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 and 13.6 TeV
• Constraints on standard model effective field theory for a Higgs boson produced in association with W or Z bosons in the H $\to \mathrm{b}\bar{\mathrm{b}}$ decay channel in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Simultaneous probe of the charm and bottom quark Yukawa couplings using $\mathrm{t}\bar{\mathrm{t}}$H events
• Search for new resonances decaying to pairs of merged diphotons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Search for a new scalar resonance decaying to a Higgs boson and another new scalar particle in the final state with two bottom quarks and two photons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Search for $CP$ violation in events with top quarks and Z bosons at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 and 13.6 TeV
• Measurement of the ratio of the B${}_{\mathrm{c}}^{+}$ $\to$ J/$\psi$${\tau }^{+}{\nu }_{\tau }$ and B${}_{\mathrm{c}}^{+}$ $\to$ J/$\psi$ ${\mu }^{+}{\nu }_{\mu }$ branching fractions using three-prong $\tau$ lepton decays
• Measurement of the inclusive WZ production cross section in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13.6 TeV
• Development of systematic uncertainty-aware neural network trainings for binned-likelihood analyses at the LHC
• Search for heavy long-lived charged particles with level-1 trigger scouting data from proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13.6 TeV
• Vector boson scattering and anomalous quartic couplings in final states with $\ell \nu$qq or $\ell \ell$qq plus jets using proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Search for resonances decaying to an anomalous jet and a Higgs boson in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Sensitivity of an Early Dark Matter Search using the Electromagnetic Calorimeter as a Target for the Light Dark Matter eXperiment
• Search for b hadron decays to long-lived particles in the CMS endcap muon detectors
• General search for supersymmetric particles in scenarios with compressed mass spectra using proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Search for charged lepton flavor violating Z and Z' boson decays in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Search for the rare decay D${}^0$ $\to$ ${\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}$ in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13.6 TeV
• Search for dark matter produced in association with one or two top quarks in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Search for additional scalar bosons within the Inert Doublet Model in a final state with two leptons at the FCC-ee
• Search for an exotic decay of the 125 GeV Higgs boson to a pair of light pseudoscalars in the final state of two muons and two c-quarks in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13\text{TeV}$ with CMS Open Data
• Measurements of inclusive and differential Higgs boson production cross sections at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13.6 TeV in the H $\to$ $\gamma \gamma$ decay channel
• Measurements of the inclusive W and Z boson production cross sections and their ratios in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13.6 TeV
• Search for a cH signal in the associated production of at least one charm quark with a Higgs boson in the diphoton decay channel in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Search for dark matter production in association with a single top quark in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Identification of tau leptons using a convolutional neural network with domain adaptation
• Search for $\gamma$H production and constraints on the Yukawa couplings of light quarks to the Higgs boson
• Measurements of Higgs boson production cross section in the four-lepton final state in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13.6 TeV
• Search for a heavy resonance decaying into a Z and a Higgs boson in events with an energetic jet and two electrons, two muons, or missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Search for the Higgs boson decays to a ${\rho }^0$, $\varphi$, or K${}^{\ast 0}$ meson and a photon in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Probing Cosmic Ray Composition and Muon-philic Dark Matter via Muon Tomography
• Deciphering compressed electroweakino excesses with MadAnalysis 5
• Search for Higgs boson production at high transverse momentum in the WW decay channel in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Search for a narrow resonance with a mass between 10 and 70 GeV decaying to a pair of photons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Improving the Direct Determination of $|V_{ts}|$ using Deep Learning
• Search for bosons of an extended Higgs sector in b quark final states in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Search for soft unclustered energy patterns produced in association with a W or Z boson in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Novel probes for electron-muon flavor violation from exotic Higgs decays
• Search for a neutral gauge boson with nonuniversal fermion couplings in vector boson fusion processes in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Model-independent measurement of the Higgs boson associated production with two jets and decaying to a pair of W bosons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Measurement of the W boson decay branching fraction ratio $\mathcal{B}$(W $\to$ cq) / $\mathcal{B}$(W $\to$ $\mathrm{q}{\bar{\mathrm{q}}}^{\prime }$) in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Search for heavy neutral resonances decaying to tau lepton pairs in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Measurements of ttW differential cross sections and the leptonic charge asymmetry at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Observation of tWZ production at the CMS experiment
• Search for Higgs boson pair production in the $\mathrm{b}\bar{\mathrm{b}}\mathrm{WW}$ decay channel with two leptons in the final state using proton-proton collision data at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13.6 TeV
• Study of same-sign W boson scattering and anomalous couplings in events with one tau lepton from pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Search for excited tau leptons in the $\tau \tau \gamma$ final state in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Inclusive and differential measurements of the $\mathrm{t}\bar{\mathrm{t}}\gamma$ cross section and the $\mathrm{t}\bar{\mathrm{t}}\gamma$ / $\mathrm{t}\bar{\mathrm{t}}$ cross section ratio in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Search for Higgsinos in final states with low-momentum lepton-track pairs at 13 TeV
• Search for high-mass resonances in a final state comprising a gluon and two hadronically decaying W bosons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Measurement of the Higgs boson total decay width using the H $\to$ WW $\to$ e$\nu \mu \nu$ decay channel in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Evidence of ZZ$\gamma$ production and observation of $4\ell \gamma$ in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Search for dark matter produced in association with a Higgs boson decaying to bottom quarks in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Search for a boosted Higgs boson decaying to bottom quark pairs in association with a W or Z boson in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Measurement and effective field theory interpretation of the photon-fusion production cross section of a pair of W bosons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Search for charged-lepton flavour violation in top quark interactions with an up-type quark, a muon, and a $\tau$ lepton in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Combination of searches for heavy vector boson resonances in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Search for exotic Higgs boson decays H $\to$ $\mathcal{AA}$ with $\mathcal{AA}$ $\to$ $\gamma \gamma$ in events with a semi-merged topology in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Search for dark matter produced in association with a Higgs boson decaying to a $\tau$ lepton pair in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Search for nonresonant new physics signals in high-mass dilepton events produced in association with b-tagged jets in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Search for bottom quark associated production of the standard model Higgs boson in final states with leptons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Search for new physics in jet multiplicity patterns of multilepton events at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Search for pair production of heavy resonances in final states with a photon and large-radius jets in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Probing the flavour structure of dimension-6 EFT operators in multilepton final states in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Measurement of the jet mass in hadronic decays of boosted W bosons at 13 TeV and extraction of the W boson mass