High Frequency Magnetometry with an Ensemble of Spin Qubits in Hexagonal Boron Nitride

Abstract

Sensors based on spin qubits in 2D crystals offer the prospect of nanoscale sensing volumes, where the close proximity of the sensor and source could provide access to otherwise inaccessible signals. For AC magnetometry, the sensitivity and frequency range is typically limited by the noise spectrum, which determines the qubit coherence time. This poses a problem for III-V materials, as the non-zero spin of the host nuclei introduces a considerable source of magnetic noise. Here, we overcome this with a sensing protocol based on phase modulated continuous concatenated dynamic decoupling, which extends the coherence time towards the $T_1$ limit at room temperature and enables tuneable narrowband AC magnetometry. We demonstrate the protocol with an ensemble of negatively charged boron vacancies in hexagonal boron nitride, detecting in-plane AC fields within $\pm 150\mathrm{MHz}$ of the electron spin resonance, and out-of-plane fields in the range of $\sim 10-150\mathrm{MHz}$. We measure an AC magnetic field sensitivity of $\sim 1\mu T/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ at $\sim 2.5\mathrm{GHz}$, for a sensor volume of $\sim 0.1\mu {\mathrm{m}}^3$, and demonstrate that the sensor can reconstruct the AC magnetic field from a wire loop antenna. This work establishes the viability of spin defects in 2D materials for high frequency magnetometry, demonstrating sensitivities that are comparable to nitrogen vacancy centres in diamond for microscopic sensing volumes, and with wide-ranging applications across science and technology.

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Cited by in corpus (7)

• Quantum Optics Applications of Hexagonal Boron Nitride Defects
• Temperature dependent spin-phonon coupling of boron-vacancy centers in hexagonal boron nitride
• Radiofrequency receiver based on isotropic solid-state spins
• Continuous drive heterodyne microwave sensing with spin qubits in hexagonal boron nitride
• Magnetic Field Detection Using a Two-Qubit System Under Noisy Heisenberg Interaction
• Robust gigahertz-range ac magnetometry with an ensemble of NV centers in diamond using concatenated continuous dynamical decoupling
• Intermediate Excited State Relaxation Dynamics of Boron Vacancy Spin Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride