The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars V. A Characterization of Protostellar Multiplicity

Abstract

We characterize protostellar multiplicity in the Orion molecular clouds using ALMA 0.87~mm and VLA 9~mm continuum surveys toward 328 protostars. These observations are sensitive to projected spatial separations as small as $\sim$20~au, and we consider source separations up to 10${}^4$~au as potential companions. The overall multiplicity fraction (MF) and companion fraction (CF) for the Orion protostars are 0.30$\pm$0.03 and 0.44$\pm$0.03, respectively, considering separations from 20 to 10${}^4$~au. The MFs and CFs are corrected for potential contamination by unassociated young stars using a probabilistic scheme based on the surface density of young stars around each protostar. The companion separation distribution as a whole is double peaked and inconsistent with the separation distribution of solar-type field stars, while the separation distribution of Flat Spectrum protostars is consistent solar-type field stars. The multiplicity statistics and companion separation distributions of the Perseus star-forming region are consistent with those of Orion. Based on the observed peaks in the Class 0 separations at $\sim$100~au and $\sim$10${}^3$~au, we argue that multiples with separations $<$500~au are likely produced by both disk fragmentation and turbulent fragmentation with migration, and those at $\ga$10${}^3$~au result primarily from turbulent fragmentation. We also find that MFs/CFs may rise from Class 0 to Flat Spectrum protostars between 100 and 10${}^3$~au in regions of high YSO density. This finding may be evidence for migration of companions from $>$10${}^3$~au to $<$10${}^3$~au, and that some companions between 10${}^3$ and 10${}^4$~au must be (or become) unbound.

arXiv comment76 pages, 20 Figures, 10 Tables, accepted by the Astrophysical Journal

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