Cavity QED with Quantum Gases: New Paradigms in Many-Body Physics

Abstract

We review the recent developments and the current status in the field of quantum-gas cavity QED. Since the first experimental demonstration of atomic self-ordering in a system composed of a Bose-Einstein condensate coupled to a quantized electromagnetic mode of a high-$Q$ optical cavity, the field has rapidly evolved over the past decade. The composite quantum-gas--cavity systems offer the opportunity to implement, simulate, and experimentally test fundamental solid-state Hamiltonians, as well as to realize non-equilibrium many-body phenomena beyond conventional condensed-matter scenarios. This hinges on the unique possibility to design and control in open quantum environments photon-induced tunable-range interaction potentials for the atoms using tailored pump lasers and dynamic cavity fields. Notable examples range from Hubbard-like models with long-range interactions exhibiting a lattice-supersolid phase, over emergent magnetic orderings and quasicrystalline symmetries, to the appearance of dynamic gauge potentials and non-equilibrium topological phases. Experiments have managed to load spin-polarized as well as spinful quantum gases into various cavity geometries and engineer versatile tunable-range atomic interactions. This led to the experimental observation of spontaneous discrete and continuous symmetry breaking with the appearance of soft-modes as well as supersolidity, density and spin self-ordering, dynamic spin-orbit coupling, and non-equilibrium dynamical self-ordered phases among others. In addition, quantum-gas--cavity setups offer new platforms for quantum-enhanced measurements. In this review, starting from an introduction to basic models, we pedagogically summarize a broad range of theoretical developments and put them in perspective with the current and near future state-of-art experiments.

arXiv commentReview paper with 170 pages, 67 figures, and 2 tables. Revised version

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• Bloch Oscillations of Cold Atoms in a Cavity: Effects of Quantum Noise
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• From physical symmetries to emergent gauge symmetries
• A Quantum N-Queens Solver
• Tuning the relaxation dynamics of ultracold atoms with an optical cavity
• Cavity-induced spin-orbit coupling in an interacting bosonic wire
• Collective dynamics of multimode bosonic systems induced by weak quantum measurement
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• Ergodicity breaking with long range cavity induced quasiperiodic interactions
• Emergence of continuous rotational symmetries in ultracold atoms coupled to optical cavities
• Emergent quasicrystals in strongly correlated systems
• Quantum Phases of Ultracold Bosonic Atoms in two Bands of an Optical-Lattice coupled by a Cavity Field
• Emergent Symmetry at Superradiance Transition of a Bose Condensate in Two Crossed Beam Cavities
• Theoretical exploration of competing phases of lattice Bose gases in a cavity
• Photonic tuning of quasi-particle decay in a superfluid
• Extended JC-Dicke model for a two-component atomic BEC inside a cavity
• Many-Body Phases of a Planar Bose-Einstein Condensate with Cavity-Induced Spin-Orbit Coupling
• Topological soliton-polaritons in 1D systems of light and fermionic matter
• Self-adapted Floquet Dynamics of Ultracold Bosons in a Cavity
• Raman superradiance and spin lattice of ultracold atoms in optical cavities
• Crystalline droplets with emergent topological color-charge in many-body systems with sign-changing interactions
• Spin and density self-ordering in dynamic polarization gradients fields
• Haldane Insulator in the 1D Nearest-Neighbor Extended Bose-Hubbard Model with Cavity-Mediated Long-Range Interactions
• The effect of disorder on the phase diagrams of hard-core lattice bosons with cavity-mediated long-range and nearest-neighbor interactions
• Cavity-enhanced magnetometer with a spinor Bose-Einstein condensate
• Selforganisation and sympathetic cooling of multispecies ensembles in a cavity
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• Enhancing interferometric sensitivity by non-classical light from quantum non-demolition measurements in cavity QED
• Cavity-induced Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov superfluids of ultracold Fermi gases
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• Self-ordering and cavity cooling using a train of ultrashort pulses
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• Induction of non-Fermi liquids by critical cavity photons at the onset of superradiance
• Quantum Hall effect in a chiral cavity
• Spin self-organization in an optical cavity facilitated by inhomogeneous broadening
• Genuine Quantum effects in Dicke-type Models at large atom numbers
• Universal work statistics in long-range interacting quantum systems
• Semiclassical Quantum Trajectories in the Monitored Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick Model
• Dynamical phases of a BEC in a bad optical cavity at optomechanical resonance
• Direct production of fermionic superfluids in a cavity-enhanced optical dipole trap
• Generating multiparticle entangled states by self-organization of driven ultracold atoms
• Torus bifurcation of a dissipative time crystal
• Dimensional crossover in self-organised super-radiant phases of ultra cold atoms inside a cavity
• Coupling of magnetic and optomechanical structuring in cold atoms
• Excitonic enhancement of cavity-mediated interactions in a two-band Hubbard model
• Dissipative chaos and steady state of open Tavis-Cummings dimer
• Cavity Quantum Hall Hydrodynamics
• A multimode cavity QED Ising spin glass
• How to exploit driving and dissipation to stabilize and manipulate quantum many-body states
• Spreading of a local excitation in a Quantum Hierarchical Model
• One-dimensional extended Hubbard model coupled with an optical cavity
• Angular Momentum-Dependent Spectral Shift in Chiral Vacuum Cavities
• Clock Factorized Quantum Monte Carlo Method for Long-range Interacting Systems
• Many-body localization of one-dimensional degenerate Fermi gases with cavity-assisted non-local quasiperiodic interactions
• Role of Matter Interactions in Superradiant Phenomena
• From Light-Cone to Supersonic Propagation of Correlations by Competing Short- and Long-Range Couplings
• Quasi-Discrete Time Crystals in the quasiperiodically driven Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick model
• Many-body phases from effective geometrical frustration and long-range interactions in a subwavelength lattice
• Absorbing state phase transitions beyond directed percolation in dissipative quantum state preparation
• Quantum Metrology in the Ultrastrong Coupling Regime of Light-Matter Interactions: Leveraging Virtual Excitations without Extracting Them
• Controlling Collective Phenomena Via the Quantum State of Interaction-Mediators: Changing the Criticality of Photon-Mediated Superconductivity Via Fock States of Light
• Atom-Molecule Superradiance and Entanglement with Cavity-Mediated Three-Body Interactions
• Moiré Superradiance in Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics with Quantum Atom Gas
• Beyond-mean-field phases of rotating dipolar condensates
• Nonperturbative treatment of a quenched Langevin field theory
• Master Equation for a Quantum Gas of Polarizable Particles in Cavities
• Path Integral Approach to Input-Output Theory
• Superradiant phase transitions in one-dimensional correlated Fermi gases with cavity-induced umklapp scattering
• Unveiling Vacuum Fluctuations and Nonclassical States with Cavity-Enhanced Tripartite Interactions
• Nonequilibrium Critical Scaling of a Squeezing Phase Transition
• Sufficient Wigner Negativity Implies Genuine Multipartite Entanglement
• Few-Photon Fluorescence from Ultracold Bosons in an Optical Cavity
• Bandstructure of a coupled BEC-cavity system: effects of dissipation and geometry
• Slow decay rate of correlations induced by long-range extended Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions
• Solitons in arbitrary dimensions stabilized by photon-mediated interactions
• Higher symmetry breaking and non-reciprocity in a driven-dissipative Dicke model
• Reconfigurable dissipative entanglement between many spin ensembles: from robust quantum sensing to many-body state engineering
• Self-Ordered Supersolid in Spinor Condensates with Cavity-Mediated Spin-Momentum-Mixing Interactions
• Investigating Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick Model and Criticality-Enhanced Metrology in a Coherent Ising Machine
• Floquet Schrieffer-Wolff transform based on Sylvester equations
• Exact Many-body Quantum Dynamics in One-Dimensional Baths via Collective Spins
• Witnessing genuine multipartite entanglement in phase space with controlled Gaussian unitaries
• Nonequilibrium Nonlinear Effects and Dynamical Boson Condensation in a Driven-Dissipative Wannier-Stark Lattice
• Phase transition, phase separation and mode softening of a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate in an optical cavity
• Ensemble Inequivalence in Long-Range Quantum Spin Systems
• Demonstration of strong coupling of a subradiant atom array to a cavity vacuum
• A One-Dimensional Electron Gas Coupled to Light
• Collection efficiency of optical photons generated from microwave excitations of a Bose-Einstein condensate
• Dissipative Generation of Currents by Nonreciprocal Local and Global Environments
• Paramagnetic phases of strongly correlated ultracold fermions coupled to an optical cavity
• Generation, manipulation and detection of snake state trajectories of a neutral atom in a ring-cavity
• From single-particle to many-body chaos in Yukawa--SYK: theory and a cavity-QED proposal
• Reciprocal Quantum Electrodynamics with Bound States in the Continuum
• Families of localized modes of Bose-Einstein condensates enabled by incommensurate optical lattice and photon-atom interactions
• Tuning Density and Spin Ordering of Degenerate Fermi Gases in an Optical Cavity
• Structural Dynamics and Strong Correlations in Dynamical Quantum Optical Lattices
• Universal fluctuations of localized two interacting particles in one dimension
• Control, competition and coexistence of effective magnetic orders by interactions in Bose-Einstein condensates with high-Q cavities
• Engineering quantum droplet formation by cavity-induced long-range interactions
• Global-Local Duality of Energetic Control Cost in Multipartite Quantum Correlated Systems
• Cavity-induced quantum droplets
• Lindblad master equations for quantum systems coupled to dissipative bosonic modes
• Controlled bit-flip of period-doubling and discrete time crystalline states in open systems
• Dynamics and fragmentation of bosons in an optical lattice inside a cavity using Wannier and position bases
• Bi-Josephson Effect in a Driven-Dissipative Supersolid
• Synchronization of Quasi-Particle Excitations in a Quantum Gas with Cavity-Mediated Interactions
• 2D Anderson Localization and KPZ sub-Universality Classes : sensitivity to boundary conditions and insensitivity to symmetry classes
• The fate of the Fermi surface coupled to a single-wave-vector cavity mode
• Pauli crystal superradiance
• Many-body perturbation theory for strongly correlated effective Hamiltonians using effective field theory methods
• Continuous Acceleration Sensing Using Optomechanical Droplets
• On the Conditions for a Quantum Violent Relaxation
• Spectral statistics and energy-gap scaling in $k-$local spin Hamiltonians
• Nanomechanically-induced nonequilibrium quantum phase transition to a self-organized density wave of a Bose-Einstein condensate
• The role of atomic interactions in cavity-induced continuous time crystals
• Kinetically constrained cavity QED: from blockaded ferromagnetism to long-range quantum scars
• Observation of coherent coupling between super- and subradiant states of an ensemble of cold atoms collectively coupled to a single propagating optical mode