Understanding Q-Balls Beyond the Thin-Wall Limit

Abstract

Complex scalar fields charged under a global U(1) symmetry can admit non-topological soliton configurations called Q-balls which are stable against decay into individual particles or smaller Q-balls. These Q-balls are interesting objects within quantum field theory, but are also of phenomenological interest in several cosmological and astrophysical contexts. The Q-ball profiles are determined by a nonlinear differential equation, and so generally require solution by numerical methods. In this work, we derive analytical approximations for the Q-ball profile in a polynomial potential and obtain simple expressions for the important Q-ball properties of charge, energy, and radius. These results improve significantly on the often-used thin-wall approximation and make it possible to describe Q-balls to excellent precision without having to solve the underlying differential equation.

arXiv comment26 pages, v2: matches published version; v3: fixed typo in Eq.(3)

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Cited by in corpus (23)

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• Gauged Q-ball dark matter through a cosmological first-order phase transition
• Non-topological solitons and quasi-solitons
• Chains of rotating boson stars
• Q-balls in polynomial potentials
• The Ubiquity of Gauged Q-Shells
• Dark Exoplanets
• Revisiting the Friedberg-Lee-Sirlin soliton model
• Dynamical evolution of $U(1)$ gauged Q-balls in axisymmetry
• Slowly rotating Q-balls
• Q-Balls in the presence of attractive force
• The Tunneling Potential Approach to Q-Balls
• Dynamics of $U(1)$ gauged Q-balls in three spatial dimensions
• Q-balls in Non-Minimally Coupled Palatini Inflation and their Implications for Cosmology
• On Q-balls in Anti de Sitter Space
• The Resurgence of the G(2) Group for the Strong Sector and the Emergence of Dark Matter
• Q-balls across dimensions
• Unified Gas Heating Constraints on Extended Dark Matter Compact Objects
• Understanding the Quantized Angular Momentum of Rotating Q-balls
• Proca Q-balls and Q-shells
• Soliton boson stars, Q-balls and the causal Buchdahl bound