Energy momentum tensor, stability, and the D-term of Q-balls

Abstract

We study the energy-momentum tensor of stable, meta-stable and unstable Q-balls in scalar field theories with U(1) symmetry. We calculate properties such as charge, mass, mean square radii and the constant d1 ("D-term") as functions of the phase space angular velocity omega. We discuss the limits when omega approaches the boundaries of the region in which solutions exist, and derive analytical results for the quantities in these limits. The central result of this work is the rigorous proof that d1 is strictly negative for all finite energy solutions in the Q-ball system. We also show that for Q-balls stability is a sufficient, but not necessary, condition for d1 to be negative.

18 pages, 12 figures

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• Energy momentum tensor and the D-term in the bag model
• Radial excitations of Q-balls, and their D-term
• Effects of long-range forces on the D-term and the energy-momentum structure
• Understanding Q-Balls Beyond the Thin-Wall Limit
• The gravitational form factor D(t) of the electron
• Analyticity and sum rules for photon GPDs
• 2D energy-momentum tensor distributions of nucleon in a large-$N_c$ quark model from ultra-relativistic to non-relativistic limit
• Charge-Swapping Q-balls and Their Lifetimes
• Forces inside a strongly-coupled scalar nucleon
• Gauged Q-ball dark matter through a cosmological first-order phase transition
• Q-ball stress stability criterion in the $U(1)$ gauged scalar theories
• Stress out of charmonia
• Gravitational form factor $D$ of charmonium from shear stress
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• CFT-approach to Rotating Field Lumps in Attractive Potential
• Hydrodynamic and Rayleigh-Plateau instabilities of Q-strings
• Energy-momentum tensor form factor D(t) of proton and neutron