Radial excitations of Q-balls, and their D-term

Abstract

We study the structure of the energy-momentum tensor of radial excitations of Q-balls in scalar field theories with U(1) symmetry. The obtained numerical results for the $1\le N\le 23$ excitations allow us to study in detail patterns how the solutions behave with N. We show that although the fields and energy-momentum tensor densities exhibit a remarkable degree of complexity, the properties of the solutions scale with N with great regularity. This is to best of our knowledge the first study of the D-term d1 for excited states, and we demonstrate that it is negative --- in agreement with results from literature on the d1 of ground state particles.

11 pages, 12 figures

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• Energy momentum tensor and the D-term in the bag model
• Effects of long-range forces on the D-term and the energy-momentum structure
• The gravitational form factor D(t) of the electron
• Radially excited $U\left(1\right)$ gauged $Q$-balls
• 2D energy-momentum tensor distributions of nucleon in a large-$N_c$ quark model from ultra-relativistic to non-relativistic limit
• Forces inside a strongly-coupled scalar nucleon
• Excited Q-Balls
• Non-topological solitons and quasi-solitons
• Q-balls in polynomial potentials
• Q-ball stress stability criterion in the $U(1)$ gauged scalar theories
• Dynamical evolution of $U(1)$ gauged Q-balls in axisymmetry
• Proca Q Tubes and their Coupling to Gravity
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• Stress out of charmonia
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• Kinematical higher-twist corrections in ${\gamma }^{\ast }\to M_1{M}_2\gamma$: Neutral meson production
• The Tunneling Potential Approach to Q-Balls
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• Q-balls across dimensions