Excited Q-Balls

Abstract

Complex scalars in U(1)-symmetric potentials can form stable Q-balls, non-topological solitons that correspond to spherical bound-state solutions. If the U(1) charge of the Q-ball is large enough, it can support a tower of unstable radial excitations with increasing energy. Previous analyses of these radial excitations were confined to fixed parameters, leading to excited states with different charges $Q$. In this work, we provide the first characterization of the radial excitations of solitons for fixed charge, providing the physical spectrum for such objects. We also show how to approximately describe these excited states analytically and predict their global properties such as radius, energy, and charge. This enables a complete characterization of the radial spectrum. We also comment on the decay channels of these excited states.

28 pages 7 figures. v2: expanded discussion of stability and generalization of results to various potentials. Updated references. Published version

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• Dynamical evolution of $U(1)$ gauged Q-balls in axisymmetry
• Excited oscillons: cascading levels and higher multipoles
• Slowly rotating Q-balls
• On Q-balls in Anti de Sitter Space
• Q-balls across dimensions
• The Resurgence of the G(2) Group for the Strong Sector and the Emergence of Dark Matter
• Understanding the Quantized Angular Momentum of Rotating Q-balls