Mapping Gauged Q-Balls

Abstract

Scalar field theories with particular U(1)-symmetric potentials contain non-topological soliton solutions called Q-balls. Promoting the U(1) to a gauge symmetry leads to the more complicated situation of gauged Q-balls. The soliton solutions to the resulting set of nonlinear differential equations have markedly different properties, such as a maximal possible size and charge. Despite these differences, we discover a relation that allows one to extract the properties of gauged Q-balls (such as the radius, charge, and energy) from the more easily obtained properties of global Q-balls. These results provide a new guide to understanding gauged Q-balls as well as providing simple and accurate analytical characterization of the Q-ball properties.

arXiv comment19 pages, 6 figures; v2: matches published version. v3: fixed typo in Eq.(3). v4: fixed typos in Fig. 4

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• The Ubiquity of Gauged Q-Shells
• Dynamical evolution of $U(1)$ gauged Q-balls in axisymmetry
• Slowly rotating Q-balls
• Relativistic head-on collisions of $U(1)$ gauged Q-balls
• Q-balls in Non-Minimally Coupled Palatini Inflation and their Implications for Cosmology
• On Q-balls in Anti de Sitter Space
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• Bose-Einstein condensation in finite drops of alpha particles
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• Understanding the Quantized Angular Momentum of Rotating Q-balls
• Soliton boson stars, Q-balls and the causal Buchdahl bound