The Ubiquity of Gauged Q-Shells

Abstract

Non-topological gauged soliton solutions called Q-balls arise in many scalar field theories that are invariant under a U(1) gauge symmetry. The related, but qualitatively distinct, Q-shell solitons have only been shown to exist for special potentials. We investigate gauged solitons in a generic sixth-order polynomial potential (that contains the leading effects of many effective field theories) and show that this potential generically allows for both Q-balls and Q-shells. We argue that Q-shell solutions occur in many, and perhaps all, potentials that have previously only been shown to contain Q-balls. We give simple analytic characterizations of these Q-shell solutions, leading to excellent predictions of their physical properties.

arXiv comment18 pages, 6 figures; v2: matches PRD version. v3: fixed typo in Eq.(2)

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• Dynamics of $U(1)$ gauged Q-balls in three spatial dimensions
• On Q-balls in Anti de Sitter Space
• Bose-Einstein condensation in finite drops of alpha particles
• Understanding the Quantized Angular Momentum of Rotating Q-balls
• Proca Q-balls and Q-shells