An information theoretic framework for classifying exoplanetary system architectures

Abstract

We propose several descriptive measures to characterize the arrangements of planetary masses, periods, and mutual inclinations within exoplanetary systems. These measures are based in complexity theory and capture the global, system-level trends of each architecture. Our approach considers all planets in a system simultaneously, facilitating both intra-system and inter-system analysis. We find that based on these measures, Kepler's high-multiplicity ($N\ge 3$) systems can be explained if most systems belong to a single intrinsic population, with a subset of high-multiplicity systems ($\sim 20\%$) hosting additional, undetected planets intermediate in period between the known planets. We confirm prior findings that planets within a system tend to be roughly the same size and approximately coplanar. We find that forward modeling has not yet reproduced the high degree of spacing similarity (in log-period) actually seen in the Kepler data. Although our classification scheme was developed using compact Kepler multis as a test sample, our methods can be immediately applied to any other population of exoplanetary systems. We apply this classification scheme to (1) quantify the similarity between systems, (2) resolve observational biases from physical trends, and (3) identify which systems to search for additional planets and where to look for these planets.

arXiv comment18 pages, submitted to AJ. Comments welcome

References in corpus (52)

• SciPy 1.0--Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python
• The Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Technical Summary
• The Gaia mission
• Binary companions of evolved stars in APOGEE DR14: Search method and catalog of ~5,000 companions
• Measuring and testing dependence by correlation of distances
• Kernel density estimation via diffusion
• A Statistical Measure of Complexity
• The Occurrence and Architecture of Exoplanetary Systems
• Architecture and Dynamics of Kepler's Candidate Multiple Transiting Planet Systems
• Galaxy Zoo 1 : Data Release of Morphological Classifications for nearly 900,000 galaxies
• Architecture of Kepler's Multi-transiting Systems: II. New investigations with twice as many candidates
• Galaxy Zoo 2: detailed morphological classifications for 304,122 galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• Probabilistic Forecasting of the Masses and Radii of Other Worlds
• The Mass-Radius Relation for 65 Exoplanets Smaller than 4 Earth Radii
• The California Kepler Survey VII. Precise Planet Radii Leveraging Gaia DR2 Reveal the Stellar Mass Dependence of the Planet Radius Gap
• The Minimum-Mass Extrasolar Nebula: In-Situ Formation of Close-In Super-Earths
• Planetary Candidates Observed by Kepler. VIII. A Fully Automated Catalog With Measured Completeness and Reliability Based on Data Release 25
• The California-Kepler Survey V. Peas in a Pod: Planets in a Kepler Multi-planet System are Similar in Size and Regularly Spaced
• The California-Kepler Survey. I. High Resolution Spectroscopy of 1305 Stars Hosting Kepler Transiting Planets
• About 30% of Sun-like Stars Have Kepler-like Planetary Systems: A Study of their Intrinsic Architecture
• The Kepler Follow-Up Observation Program. I. A Catalog of Companions to Kepler Stars from High-Resolution Imaging
• Probabilistic Mass-Radius Relationship for Sub-Neptune-Sized Planets
• The Exoplanet Population Observation Simulator. I - The Inner Edges of Planetary Systems
• Architecture of Planetary Systems Based on Kepler Data: Number of Planets and Coplanarity
• Occurrence Rates of Planets orbiting FGK Stars: Combining Kepler DR25, Gaia DR2 and Bayesian Inference
• The California-Kepler Survey. II. Precise Physical Properties of 2025 Kepler Planets and Their Host Stars
• Kepler Multi-Planet Systems Exhibit Unexpected Intra-system Uniformity in Mass and Radius
• Secure TTV Mass Measurements: Ten Kepler Exoplanets between 3 and 8 Earth Masses with Diverse Densities and Incident Fluxes
• AMD-stability and the classification of planetary systems
• Clustering Stability: An Overview
• Architectures of Exoplanetary Systems. I: A Clustered Forward Model for Exoplanetary Systems around Kepler's FGK Stars
• On The Relative Sizes of Planets Within Kepler Multiple Candidate Systems
• Origin and Ubiquity of Short-Period Earth-like Planets: Evidence for the Sequential-Accretion Theory of Planet Formation
• Correlations between compositions and orbits established by the giant impact era of planet formation
• Automatic unsupervised classification of all SDSS/DR7 galaxy spectra
• Automatic morphological classification of galaxy images
• Improving the Accuracy of Planet Occurrence Rates from Kepler using Approximate Bayesian Computation
• CKS VIII: Eccentricities of Kepler Planets and Tentative Evidence of a High Metallicity Preference for Small Eccentric Planets
• Predicting Exoplanets Mass and Radius: A Nonparametric Approach
• Diverse outcomes of planet formation and composition around low-mass stars and brown dwarfs
• A Joint Mass-Radius-Period Distribution of Exoplanets
• Comparison of SDL and LMC measures of complexity: Atoms as a testbed
• The Exoplanet Population Observation Simulator. II -- Population Synthesis in the Era of Kepler
• Exoplanet Predictions Based on the Generalised Titius-Bode Relation
• The multiplicity distribution of Kepler's exoplanets
• Using the Inclinations of Kepler Systems to Prioritize New Titius-Bode-Based Exoplanet Predictions
• On the patterns observed in Kepler multi-planet systems
• Testing the Titius-Bode law predictions for Kepler multi-planet systems
• A new metric to quantify the similarity between planetary systems - application to dimensionality reduction using T-SNE
• Do planets remember how they formed?
• Kepler's Missing Planets
• Detection of Periodicity Based on Independence Tests - III. Phase Distance Correlation Periodogram

Cited by in corpus (41)

• Exoplanet Statistics and Theoretical Implications
• Architectures of Exoplanetary Systems. III: Eccentricity and Mutual Inclination Distributions of AMD-stable Planetary Systems
• CHEOPS observations of the HD 108236 planetary system: A fifth planet, improved ephemerides, and planetary radii
• Architectures of Compact Super-Earth Systems Shaped by Instabilities
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). VI. Introducing KOBE: Kepler Observes Bern Exoplanets. Theoretical perspectives on the architecture of planetary systems: Peas in a pod
• A framework for the architecture of exoplanetary systems. I. Four classes of planetary system architecture
• TESS-Keck Survey IX: Masses of Three Sub-Neptunes Orbiting HD 191939 and the Discovery of a Warm Jovian Plus a Distant Sub-Stellar Companion
• Architectures of Exoplanetary Systems. II: An Increase in Inner Planetary System Occurrence Toward Later Spectral Types for Kepler's FGK Dwarfs
• Peas in a Pod? Radius correlations in Kepler multi-planet systems
• Inner Planetary System Gap Complexity is a Predictor of Outer Giant Planets
• Hidden Worlds: Dynamical Architecture Predictions of Undetected Planets in Multi-planet Systems and Applications to TESS Systems
• Edge-of-the-Multis: Evidence for a Transition in the Outer Architectures of Compact Multi-Planet Systems
• A framework for the architecture of exoplanetary systems. II. Nature versus nurture: Emergent formation pathways of architecture classes
• How Close are Compact Multi-Planet Systems to the Stability Limit?
• Generalized Peas-in-a-Pod: Extending Intra-System Mass Uniformity to Non-TTV Systems via the Gini Index
• Transit Timing Variations in the three-planet system: TOI-270
• An Integrated Analysis with Predictions on the Architecture of the tau Ceti Planetary System, Including a Habitable Zone Planet
• Stability Constrained Characterization of Multiplanet Systems
• On the Orbital Spacing Pattern of Kepler Multiple Planet Systems
• Chaos in multiplanetary extrasolar systems
• Signatures of impact-driven atmospheric loss in large ensembles of exoplanets
• Architecture Classification for Extrasolar Planetary Systems
• K2-138 g: Spitzer Spots a Sixth Planet for the Citizen Science System
• Enhanced Size Uniformity for Near-resonant Planets
• Accurate modeling of grazing transits using umbrella sampling
• Is the orbital distribution of multiplanet systems influenced by pure three-planet resonances?
• Quantifying the Similarity of Planetary System Architectures
• On planetary systems as ordered sequences
• How the presence of a giant planet affects the outcome of terrestrial planet formation simulations
• An Integrative Analysis of the HD 219134 Planetary System and the Inner Solar System: Extending DYNAMITE with Enhanced Orbital Dynamical Stability Criteria
• Hiding Planets Near and Far: The Parameter Space of Hidden Companions for Known Planetary Systems
• Earth-like planets hosting systems: Architecture and properties
• Diversities and similarities exhibited by multi-planetary systems and their architectures: I. Orbital spacings
• The architecture of multi-planet systems as a tracer of their formation mechanisms
• Interpreting deep learning-based stellar mass estimation via causal analysis and mutual information decomposition
• Earth-like planet predictor: A machine learning approach
• Biases from Missing a Small Planet in High Multiplicity Systems
• Origin of compact exoplanetary systems during disk infall
• Evidence that Planets in the Radius Gap Do Not Resemble Their Neighbors
• Friends and Foes: Conditional Occurrence Rates of Exoplanet Companions and their Impact on Radial Velocity Follow-up Surveys
• Do Outer Giants Inflate Neptune-sized Planets? An Architecture-Dependent Mass-Radius Relation