How efficient is the streaming instability in viscous protoplanetary disks?

Abstract

The streaming instability is a popular candidate for planetesimal formation by concentrating dust particles to trigger gravitational collapse. However, its robustness against physical conditions expected in protoplanetary disks is unclear. In particular, particle stirring by turbulence may impede the instability. To quantify this effect, we develop the linear theory of the streaming instability with external turbulence modelled by gas viscosity and particle diffusion. We find the streaming instability is sensitive to turbulence, with growth rates becoming negligible for alpha-viscosity parameters $\alpha \gtrsim {\mathrm{St}}^{1.5}$, where $\mathrm{St}$ is the particle Stokes number. We explore the effect of non-linear drag laws, which may be applicable to porous dust particles, and find growth rates are modestly reduced. We also find that gas compressibility increase growth rates by reducing the effect of diffusion. We then apply linear theory to global models of viscous protoplanetary disks. For minimum-mass Solar nebula disk models, we find the streaming instability only grows within disk lifetimes beyond $\sim 10$s of AU, even for cm-sized particles and weak turbulence ($\alpha \sim 10^{-4}$). Our results suggest it is rather difficult to trigger the streaming instability in non-laminar protoplanetary disks, especially for small particles.

Accepted by ApJ, see https://minkailin.wixsite.com/minkailin/post/making-planets-in-turbulent-disks-is-not-so-easy for a lay summary

References in corpus (54)

• Streaming Instabilities in Protoplanetary Disks
• First Results from High Angular Resolution ALMA Observations Toward the HL Tau Region
• Gas- and dust evolution in protoplanetary disks
• Particle Stirring in Turbulent Gas Disks: Including Orbital Oscillations
• Protoplanetary Disk Turbulence Driven by the Streaming Instability: Non-Linear Saturation and Particle Concentration
• Linear and nonlinear evolution of the vertical shear instability in accretion discs
• Dust and Gas in the disc of HL Tauri: Surface density, dust settling, and dust-to-gas ratio
• Forming Planetesimals in Solar and Extrasolar Nebulae
• Particle Clumping and Planetesimal Formation Depend Strongly on Metallicity
• Dynamics of Solids in the Midplane of Protoplanetary Disks: Implications for Planetesimal Formation
• The Mass and Size Distribution of Planetesimals Formed by the Streaming Instability. I. The Role of Self-Gravity
• Protoplanetary Disk Turbulence Driven by the Streaming Instability: Linear Evolution and Numerical Methods
• A Three-Dimensional View of Turbulence: Constraints on Turbulent Motions in the HD 163296 Protoplanetary Disk using DCO${}^{+}$
• Thanatology in Protoplanetary Discs: the combined influence of Ohmic, Hall, and ambipolar diffusion on dead zones
• How to form planetesimals from mm-sized chondrules and chondrule aggregates
• Towards a Global Evolutionary Model of Protoplanetary Disks
• Turbulence in the TW Hya Disk
• Close-in planetesimal formation by pile-up of drifting pebbles
• Hall-effect Controlled Gas Dynamics in Protoplanetary Disks: II. Full 3D Simulations toward the Outer Disk
• Dust settling in local simulations of turbulent protoplanetary disks
• On the Formation of Planetesimals via Secular Gravitational Instabilities with Turbulent Stirring
• Initial mass function of planetesimals formed by the streaming instability
• The Effect of the Radial Pressure Gradient in Protoplanetary Disks on Planetesimal Formation
• On corotation torques, horseshoe drag and the possibility of sustained stalled or outward protoplanetary migration
• Convective Overstability in radially stratified accretion disks under thermal relaxation
• Planetesimal formation by the streaming instability in a photoevaporating disk
• High-resolution simulations of planetesimal formation in turbulent protoplanetary discs
• Can dust coagulation trigger streaming instability?
• Resonant Drag Instabilities in protoplanetary disks: the streaming instability and new, faster-growing instabilities
• Dust evolution in protoplanetary discs and the formation of planetesimals. What have we learned from laboratory experiments?
• Radiation Hydrodynamical Turbulence In Protoplanetary Disks: Numerical Models and Observational Constraints
• Zombie Vortex Instability I: A Purely Hydrodynamic Instability to Resurrect the Dead Zones of Protoplanetary Disks
• Evidence for universality in the initial planetesimal mass function
• Dusty gas with one fluid
• On linear dust-gas streaming instabilities in protoplanetary discs
• Particle dynamics in discs with turbulence generated by the vertical shear instability
• Diffusion and Concentration of Solids in the Dead Zone of a Protoplanetary Disk
• The initial conditions for planet formation: Turbulence driven by hydrodynamical instabilities in disks around young stars
• Streaming Instability for Particle-Size Distributions
• A thermodynamic view of dusty protoplanetary disks
• On the Feeding Zone of Planetesimal Formation by the Streaming Instability
• A fast and explicit algorithm for simulating the dynamics of small dust grains with smoothed particle hydrodynamics
• Dust settling against hydrodynamic turbulence in protoplanetary discs
• From Dust to Planetesimals: Criteria for Gravitational Instability of Small Particles in Gas
• Spatially Extended Brackett Gamma Emission in the Environments of Young Stars
• Origin of Weak Turbulence in the Outer Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• Dust Settling in Magnetorotationally-Driven Turbulent Discs I: Numerical Methods and Evidence for a Vigorous Streaming Instability
• Linear growth of streaming instability in pressure bumps
• Prompt planetesimal formation beyond the snow line
• Streaming instability in the quasi-global protoplanetary discs
• X-ray photoevaporation's limited success in the formation of planetesimals by the streaming instability
• Viscous overstability and eccentricity evolution in three-dimensional gaseous discs
• On the gravitational stability of gravito-turbulent accretion disks
• Dynamics of Dusty Vortices I: Extensions and limitations of the terminal velocity approximation

Cited by in corpus (45)

• Gas and dust dynamics in starlight-heated protoplanetary disks
• Streaming Instability in Turbulent Protoplanetary Disks
• A Tale of Planet Formation: From Dust to Planets
• Streaming Instability with Multiple Dust Species: I. Favourable Conditions for the Linear Growth
• Requirements for gravitational collapse in planetesimal formation --- the impact of scales set by Kelvin-Helmholtz and nonlinear streaming instability
• On the coexistence of the streaming instability and the vertical shear instability in protoplanetary disks
• Polydisperse Streaming Instability I. Tightly coupled particles and the terminal velocity approximation
• The Streaming Instability Cannot Form Planetesimals from mm-size Grains in Pressure Bumps
• Physical models of streaming instabilities in protoplanetary disks
• Dust Settling and Clumping in MRI Turbulent Outer Protoplanetary Disks
• From Pebbles and Planetesimals to Planets and Dust: the Protoplanetary Disk--Debris Disk Connection
• Polydisperse Streaming Instability III. Dust evolution encourages fast instability
• Stratified and vertically-shearing streaming instabilities in protoplanetary disks
• The coexistence of the streaming instability and the vertical shear instability in protoplanetary disks: Planetesimal formation thresholds explored in two-dimensional global models
• An Analytical Theory for the Growth from Planetesimals to Planets by Polydisperse Pebble Accretion
• Polydisperse Streaming Instability II. Methods for solving the linear stability problem
• Turbulent Dust-trapping Rings as Efficient Sites for Planetesimal Formation
• On the Vertical Shear Instability in Magnetized Protoplanetary Disks
• Coagulation Instability in Protoplanetary Disks: A Novel Mechanism Connecting Collisional Growth and Hydrodynamical Clumping of Dust Particles
• Vertical settling of pebbles in turbulent circumbinary discs and the in situ formation of circumbinary planets
• Two saturated states of the vertical shear instability in protoplanetary disks with vertically varying cooling times
• Streaming instabilities in accreting and magnetized laminar protoplanetary disks
• Streaming instability in a global patch simulation of protoplanetary disks
• Instabilities in dusty non-isothermal proto-planetary discs
• Global Modeling of Nebulae With Particle Growth, Drift, and Evaporation Fronts. II. The Influence of Porosity on Solids Evolution
• Growth after the streaming instability: The radial distance dependence of the planetary growth
• Turbulence in particle laden midplane layers of planet forming disks
• Polydisperse Formation of Planetesimals: The dust size distribution in clumps
• Nonlinear evolution of streaming instabilities in accreting protoplanetary disks
• Formation of the First Planetesimals via the Streaming Instability in Globally Turbulent Protoplanetary Disks?
• Formation of multiple-planet systems in resonant chains around M dwarfs
• Nonlinear Outcome of Coagulation Instability in Protoplanetary Disks II: Dust Ring Formation Mediated by Backreaction and Fragmentation
• The resonant drag instability of dust streaming in turbulent protoplanetary disc
• On Secular Gravitational Instability in Vertically Stratified Disks
• Nonlinear Outcome of Coagulation Instability in Protoplanetary Disks I: First Numerical Study of Accelerated Dust Growth and Dust Concentration at Outer Radii
• Dust ring and gap formation by gas flow induced by low-mass planets embedded in protoplanetary disks $\mathrm{I}$. Steady-state model
• Clusters of heavy particles in two-dimensional Keplerian turbulence
• A minimal model for vertical shear instability in protoplanetary accretion disks
• Resonant drag instabilities for polydisperse dust. II. The streaming and settling instabilities
• Dust-void evolution driven by turbulent dust flux can induce runaway migration of Earth-mass planets
• Filament formation due to diffusive instabilities in dusty protoplanetary disks
• Does the Streaming Instability exist within the Terminal Velocity Approximation?
• Dust Growth in ALMA Rings: II. Dusty Rossby Wave Instability
• Nonlinear Evolution of the Unstratified Polydisperse Dust Settling Instability
• Streaming instabilities in accreting protoplanetary disks: A parameter study