NuSTEC White Paper: Status and Challenges of Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering

Abstract

The precise measurement of neutrino properties is among the highest priorities in fundamental particle physics, involving many experiments worldwide. Since the experiments rely on the interactions of neutrinos with bound nucleons inside atomic nuclei, the planned advances in the scope and precision of these experiments requires a commensurate effort in the understanding and modeling of the hadronic and nuclear physics of these interactions, which is incorporated as a nuclear model in neutrino event generators. This model is essential to every phase of experimental analyses and its theoretical uncertainties play an important role in interpreting every result. In this White Paper we discuss in detail the impact of neutrino-nucleus interactions, especially the nuclear effects, on the measurement of neutrino properties using the determination of oscillation parameters as a central example. After an Executive Summary and a concise Overview of the issues, we explain how the neutrino event generators work, what can be learned from electron-nucleus interactions and how each underlying physics process - from quasi-elastic to deep inelastic scattering - is understood today. We then emphasize how our understanding must improve to meet the demands of future experiments. With every topic we find that the challenges can be met only with the active support and collaboration among specialists in strong interactions and electroweak physics that include theorists and experimentalists from both the nuclear and high energy physics communities.

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• PCAC and the Deficit of Forward Muons in pi^+ Production by Neutrinos
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• Results of the engineering run of the Coherent Neutrino Nucleus Interaction Experiment (CONNIE)
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• Nuclear Effects in Neutrino Induced Coherent Pion Production at K2K and MiniBooNE Neutrino Energies
• Measurement of the Inclusive Electron Neutrino Charged Current Cross Section on Carbon with the T2K Near Detector
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• Reduction of the proton radius discrepancy by 3 sigma
• Agreement of Neutrino Deep Inelastic Scattering Data with Global Fits of Parton Distributions
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• Electroweak higher-order effects and theoretical uncertainties in deep-inelastic neutrino scattering
• General study of superscaling in quasielastic $(e,e^{\prime })$ and $(\nu ,\mu )$ reactions using the relativistic impulse approximation
• Structure functions for light nuclei
• Inelastic electron-nucleus scattering and scaling at high inelasticity
• Photon emission in neutral current interactions at intermediate energies
• Theoretical study of neutrino-induced coherent pion production off nuclei at T2K and MiniBooNE energies
• Measurement of the Antineutrino Neutral-Current Elastic Differential Cross Section
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• Impact of nuclear effects on the extraction of neutrino oscillation parameters
• Measurement of muon plus proton final states in ${\nu }_{\mu }$ Interactions on Hydrocarbon at $⟨$$E_{\nu }$$⟩$ = 4.2 GeV
• Reconstruction of Energy Spectra of Neutrino Beams Independent of Nuclear Effects
• GeV-scale dark matter: production at the Main Injector
• Influence of short-range correlations in neutrino-nucleus scattering
• Neutrino-nucleus interaction models and their impact on oscillation analyses
• Impact of low-energy nuclear excitations on neutrino-nucleus scattering at MiniBooNE and T2K kinematics
• Nuclear parton distributions and the Drell-Yan process
• Time Dependent Hadronization via HERMES and EMC Data Consistency
• Nuclear Effects in the Deuteron and Constraints on the d/u Ratio
• Energy reconstruction in the Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment
• Nuclear Shadowing in Electro-Weak Interactions
• Role of 2p-2h MEC excitations in superscaling
• Neutral current coherent pion production
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• Coherent pion production by neutrinos on nuclei
• Watson's theorem and the $N\Delta (1232)$ axial transition
• Testing CCQE and 2p2h models in the NEUT neutrino interaction generator with published datasets from the MiniBooNE and MINERvA experiments
• Comparison of the calorimetric and kinematic methods of neutrino energy reconstruction in disappearance experiments
• Measurement of Partonic Nuclear Effects in Deep-Inelastic Neutrino Scattering using MINERvA
• Extraction of nucleon axial charge and radius from lattice QCD results using baryon chiral perturbation theory
• Measurement of electron neutrino quasielastic and quasielastic-like scattering on hydrocarbon at $⟨E_{\nu }⟩$ = 3.6 GeV
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• Pionic correlations and meson-exchange currents in two-particle emission induced by electron scattering
• Constraints on the form factors for K --> pi l nu and implications for V_us
• Delta-isobar relativistic meson exchange currents in quasielastic electron scattering
• Measurement of the ${\nu }_{\mu }$ charged current quasi-elastic cross-section on carbon with the T2K on-axis neutrino beam
• Measurement of neutral current coherent neutral pion production on carbon in a few-GeV neutrino beam
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• Seagull and pion-in-flight currents in neutrino-induced $1N$ and $2N$ knockout
• Impact of nuclear effects on the determination of the nucleon axial mass
• Modeling Lepton-Nucleon Inelastic Scattering from High to Low Momentum Transfer
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• A Search for Single Photon Events in Neutrino Interactions
• Incoherent Pion Production in Neutrino - Deuteron Reactions
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• Neutrino Induced Coherent Pion Production off Nuclei and PCAC
• Neutrino and antineutrino CCQE scattering in the SuperScaling Approximation from MiniBooNE to NOMAD energies
• Longitudinal-Transverse Separations of Structure Functions at Low $Q^2$ for Hydrogen and Deuterium
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• Neutrino-induced coherent pion production off nuclei reexamined
• Nuclear medium effects in $\nu (\bar{\nu })$-nucleus deep inelastic scattering
• Radiative Corrections to Neutrino Deep Inelastic Scattering Revisited
• Parton distributions in the presence of target mass corrections
• Parity-Violating Electron Scattering from the Pion-Correlated Relativistic Fermi Gas
• Nucleon-to-Delta axial transition form factors in relativistic baryon chiral perturbation theory
• Neutrino- and antineutrino-induced reactions with nuclei between 1 and 50 GeV
• Superscaling and Charge-Changing Neutrino Scattering from Nuclei in the $\mathbf{\Delta }$-Region beyond the Relativistic Fermi Gas Model
• Importance of nuclear effects in the measurement of neutrino oscillation parameters
• On Recent Weak Single Pion Production Data
• Coherent Neutrinoproduction of Photons and Pions in a Chiral Effective Field Theory for Nuclei
• Reaction Mechanisms at MINER$\nu$A
• Muon-neutrino-induced charged current pion production on nuclei
• Model-independent determination of the axial mass parameter in quasielastic antineutrino-nucleon scattering
• Coherent pion production in neutrino nucleus collision in the 1 GeV region
• Neutrino-induced pion production from nuclei at medium energies
• PCAC and Shadowing of Low Energy Neutrinos
• Effect of non-zero theta(13) on the measurement of theta(23)
• Nuclear medium modification of the F2 structure function
• Nuclear medium effects in $F_{2A}^{EM}(x,Q^2)$ and $F_{2A}^{Weak}(x,Q^2)$ structure functions
• Angular distribution in two-particle emission induced by neutrinos and electrons
• Effect of the $2p2h$ cross-section uncertainties on an analysis of neutrino oscillations
• Chiral symmetry and the axial nucleon to Delta(1232) transition form factors
• PYTHIA hadronization process tuning in GENIE neutrino interaction generator
• Coherent pion production off nuclei at T2K and MiniBooNE energies revisited
• Neutrino versus antineutrino cross sections and CP violation
• Electron and Muon production cross sections in quasielastic $\nu (\bar{\nu })$-Nucleus scattering for $E_{\nu }<1GeV$
• Evidence for neutral-current diffractive neutral pion production from hydrogen in neutrino interactions on hydrocarbon
• Numerical Implementation of lepton-nucleus interactions and its effect on neutrino oscillation analysis
• $\nu (\bar{\nu })$-${}^{208}$Pb deep inelastic scattering
• The frozen nucleon approximation in two-particle two-hole response functions
• Photon emission in neutral current interactions at the T2K experiment
• The proton and deuteron F_2 structure function at low Q^2
• First Measurement of Muon Neutrino Charged Current Quasielastic (CCQE) Double Differential Cross Section
• Quark-Hadron Duality in the Rein-Sehgal Model
• Hammer events, neutrino energies, and nucleon-nucleon correlations
• Mean charged multiplicities in charged-current neutrino scattering on hydrogen and deuterium
• Effects of nuclear medium and nonisoscalarity in extracting $si{n}^2{\theta }_W$ using Paschos-Wolfenstein relation
• The Relativistic Green's function model and charged-current inclusive neutrino-nucleus scattering at T2K kinematics
• Comparing pion production models to MiniBooNE data
• Charged kaon production by coherent scattering of neutrinos and antineutrinos on nuclei
• First evidence of coherent $K^{+}$ meson production in neutrino-nucleus scattering
• Low-energy photon production in neutrino neutral-current interactions
• A unified approach to electron and neutrino elastic scattering off nuclei with an application to the study of the axial structure
• Parity violating asymmetry with nuclear medium effects in deep inelastic $\vec{e}$ scattering
• Superscaling Predictions for Neutral Current Quasielastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering
• Longitudinal and Transverse Scaling Functions within the Coherent Density Fluctuation Model
• Dynamics Of Hadronization From Nuclear Semi Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering
• Coincidence charged-current neutrino-induced deuteron disintegration
• Parity violation in quasielastic electron-nucleus scattering within the relativistic impulse approximation
• Measurement of the $p(e,e^{\prime }{\pi }^{+})n$ reaction close to threshold and at low $Q^2$
• New Measurements of Nucleon Structure Functions from CCFR/NuTeV
• Superscaling of non-quasielastic electron-nucleus scattering
• The Jupiter Electron Scattering Program at Jefferson Lab

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• Improved constraints on neutrino mixing from the T2K experiment with $3.13\times 10^{21}$ protons on target
• Characterisation of nuclear effects in muon-neutrino scattering on hydrocarbon with a measurement of final-state kinematics and correlations in charged-current pionless interactions at T2K
• Quantum Computing for Neutrino-nucleus Scattering
• Nucleon Axial Radius and Muonic Hydrogen - A New Analysis and Review
• Event Generators for High-Energy Physics Experiments
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• Nuclear matrix elements from lattice QCD for electroweak and beyond-Standard-Model processes
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• Nuclear effects in electron- and neutrino-nucleus scattering within a relativistic quantum mechanical framework
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• Tuning the GENIE Pion Production Model with MINERvA Data
• Ab initio computation of the longitudinal response function in ${}^{40}$Ca
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• First Measurement of the Ar$(e,e^{\prime })X$ Cross Section at Jefferson Lab
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• Angular distributions in electroweak pion production off nucleons: odd parity hadron terms, strong relative phases and model dependence
• P-wave nucleon-pion scattering amplitude in the $\Delta (1232)$ channel from lattice QCD
• High-statistics measurement of neutrino quasielastic-like scattering at <E_nu>=~6 GeV on a hydrocarbon target
• Benefits of MeV-scale reconstruction capabilities in large liquid argon time projection chambers
• Probing nuclear effects with neutrino-induced charged-current neutral pion production
• A Precise Determination of (Anti)neutrino Fluxes with (Anti)neutrino-Hydrogen Interactions
• Electroweak pion-production on nuclei within the extended factorization scheme
• Neutral-current background induced by atmospheric neutrinos at large liquid-scintillator detectors: I. model predictions
• Weak pion production off the nucleon in covariant chiral perturbation theory
• Nucleon axial form factor from a Bayesian neural-network analysis of neutrino-scattering data
• Measurement of charged-pion production in deep-inelastic scattering off nuclei with the CLAS detector
• Form Factors of the Nucleon Axial Current
• Identification of nuclear effects in neutrino and antineutrino interactions on nuclei using generalized final-state correlations
• Exclusive final state hadron observables from neutrino-nucleus multi-nucleon knockout
• Electron Scattering and Neutrino Physics
• Exhaustive Neural Importance Sampling applied to Monte Carlo event generation
• Nuclear Theory and Event Generators for Charge-Changing Neutrino Reactions
• Mean field and two-body nuclear effects in inclusive electron scattering on argon, carbon and titanium: the superscaling approach
• A realistic spectral function model for charged-current quasielastic-like neutrino and antineutrino cross sections on ${}^{12}$C
• Search for neutral-current induced single photon production at the ND280 near detector in T2K
• Three-flavour oscillations with accelerator neutrino beams
• Icecube/DeepCore tests for novel explanations of the MiniBooNE anomaly
• Sensitivity of the Upgraded T2K Near Detector to constrain neutrino and anti-neutrino interactions with no mesons in the final state by exploiting nucleon-lepton correlations
• Inclusive and exclusive neutrino-nucleus cross sections and the reconstruction of the interaction kinematics
• Radiative corrections to semileptonic beta decays: Progress and challenges
• Modeling neutrino-induced charged pion production on water at T2K kinematics
• Modeling quasielastic interactions of monoenergetic kaon decay-at-rest neutrinos
• General heavy-flavor mass scheme for charged-current DIS at NNLO and beyond
• Coulomb sum rule for ${}^4$He and ${}^{16}$O from coupled-cluster theory
• Comparisons and challenges of modern neutrino scattering experiments (TENSIONS2016 report)
• Nucleon axial form factor at large momentum transfers
• Neutral-current weak pion production off the nucleon in covariant chiral perturbation theory
• Impact of final state interactions on neutrino-nucleon pion production cross sections extracted from neutrino-deuteron reaction data
• Neutrino-hydrogen interactions with a high-pressure time projection chamber
• Analysis of the MINERvA antineutrino double-differential cross sections within the SuSAv2 model including meson-exchange currents
• A Novel Approach to Neutrino-Hydrogen Measurements
• Quasielastic production of polarized $\tau$ leptons in ${\nu }_{\tau }$ and ${\bar{\nu }}_{\tau }$ scattering from nucleons
• Nucleon and nuclear structure functions with non-perturbative and higher order perturbative QCD effects
• Contact interaction analysis of octet baryon axialvector and pseudoscalar form factors
• Semi-inclusive charged-current neutrino-nucleus cross sections in the relativistic plane wave impulse approximation
• Implementation of the CRPA model in the GENIE event generator and analysis of nuclear effects in low-energy transfer neutrino-nucleus interactions
• Testing of quasi-elastic neutrino charged-current and two-body meson exchange current models with the MiniBooNE neutrino data and analysis of these processes at energies available at the NOvA experiment
• Comparison of optical potential for nucleons and $\Delta$ resonances
• Impact of cross-section uncertainties on supernova neutrino spectral parameter fitting in the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment
• Pion photoproduction off nucleons in covariant chiral perturbation theory
• $A$-dependence of quasielastic charged-current neutrino-nucleus cross sections
• Theoretical tools for neutrino scattering: interplay between lattice QCD, EFTs, nuclear physics, phenomenology, and neutrino event generators
• Mean field approach to reconstructed neutrino energy distributions in accelerator-based experiments
• Inclusive cross section measurements in final states with and without protons for charged-current ${\nu }_{\mu }$-Ar scattering in MicroBooNE
• Low-energy neutrino scattering in experiment and astrophysics
• A short survey of matter-antimatter evolution in the primordial universe
• Comparison of νμ-Ar multiplicity distributions observed by MicroBooNE to GENIE model predictions
• Measurement of the Double-Differential Muon-neutrino Charged-Current Inclusive Cross Section in the NOvA Near Detector
• Quasi-elastic neutrino charged-current scattering off ${}^{12}$C: effects of the meson exchange currents and large nucleon axial mass
• Data based two-body current contribution to neutrino-nucleus cross section
• First Measurement of Missing Energy Due to Nuclear Effects in Monoenergetic Neutrino Charged Current Interactions
• First simultaneous measurement of differential muon-neutrino charged-current cross sections on argon for final states with and without protons using MicroBooNE data
• Axial and pseudoscalar form factors from charged current quasielastic neutrino-nucleon scattering
• Exploring Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions in the GeV Regime using MINERvA
• Quasielastic Electromagnetic Scattering Cross Sections and World Data Comparisons in the {\fontfamily{qcr}\selectfont GENIE} Monte Carlo Event Generator
• Spin asymmetries in quasielastic charged current neutrino-nucleon scattering
• Investigating Lorentz Violation with the long baseline experiment P2O
• Asymmetric Relativistic Fermi Gas model for quasielastic lepton-nucleus scattering
• Microscopic and Macroscopic Effects in the Decoherence of Neutrino Oscillations
• New model comparison for semi-inclusive charged-current electron and muon neutrino scattering by ${}^{40}$Ar in the energy range of the MicroBooNE experiment
• Relativistic two-body currents for one-nucleon knockout in electron-nucleus scattering
• Unified model of nucleon elastic form factors and implications for neutrino-oscillation experiments
• From response functions to cross sections in neutrino scattering off the deuteron and trinucleons
• Neutral Current Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering. Theory
• Demonstrating a single-block 3D-segmented plastic-scintillator detector
• Parametrized uncertainties in the spectral function model of neutrino charged-current quasielastic interactions for oscillation analyses
• Measuring Oscillations with A Million Atmospheric Neutrinos
• Radiative (anti)neutrino energy spectra from muon, pion, and kaon decays
• Observation of azimuth-dependent suppression of hadron pairs in electron scattering off nuclei
• Charged-current quasielastic neutrino scattering from ${}^{12}$C in an extended superscaling model with two-nucleon emission
• Simultaneous measurement of muon neutrino quasielastic-like cross sections on CH, C, water, Fe, and Pb as a function of muon kinematics at MINERvA
• The SuSAv2 model for inelastic neutrino-nucleus scattering
• A response-matrix-centred approach to presenting cross-section measurements
• Benchmarking neutrino interaction models via a comparative analysis of kinematic imbalance measurements from the T2K, MicroBooNE and MINERvA experiments
• Investigation of the MicroBooNE neutrino cross sections on Argon
• Hadron Structure using Continuum Schwinger Function Methods
• Probing Free Nucleons with (Anti)neutrinos
• A substandard candle: the low-$\nu$ method at few-GeV neutrino energies
• $\Delta$-baryon axialvector and pseudoscalar form factors, and associated PCAC relations
• Inclusive electron scattering off ${}^{12}$C, ${}^{40}$Ca, and ${}^{40}$Ar: effects of the meson exchange currents
• Towards a discovery of BSM physics from the Cabibbo angle anomaly
• Meson-exchange currents in quasielastic electron scattering in a generalized superscaling approach
• Neural Network predictions of inclusive electron-nucleus cross sections
• Spectral function for ${}^4$He using the Chebyshev expansion in coupled-cluster theory
• Monte Carlo event generation of neutrino-electron scattering
• Low-energy axial-vector transitions from decuplet to octet baryons
• Axial-vector form factor of nucleons at finite temperature from the AdS/QCD soft-wall model
• QED medium effects in (anti)neutrino-nucleus and electron-nucleus scattering: elastic scattering on nucleons
• Axial-vector transition form factors of the baryon octet to the baryon decuplet with flavor SU(3) symmetry breaking
• Angular distributions in Monte Carlo event generation of weak single-pion production
• Effects of two-body currents in the one-particle one-hole electromagnetic responses within a relativistic model
• Precision measurement of neutrino oscillation parameters with 10 years of data from the NOvA experiment
• Improved Superscaling in Quasielastic Electron Scattering with Relativistic Effective Mass
• Assessing the theory-data tension in neutrino-induced charged pion production: the effect of final-state nucleon distortion
• Theory of Majorana-Type Heavy Ion Double Charge Exchange Reactions by Pion--Nucleon Isotensor Interactions
• Charged current deep inelastic scattering of muon neutrinos off ^{56}Fe
• Meson-Nucleon Scattering Amplitudes from Lattice QCD
• Semi-inclusive deeply inelastic neutrino and antineutrino nucleus scattering
• Nucleon Short-Range Correlations and High-Momentum Dynamics: Implications on the Equation of State of Dense Matter
• Neutrinos and their interactions
• Improving target neutron momentum reconstruction using MINER$\nu$A ${\pi }^0$ data
• Longitudinal kinematic imbalances in neutrino and antineutrino interactions for improved measurements of neutrino energy and the axial vector form factor
• NuHepMC: A standardized event record format for neutrino event generators
• Constraints on new physics with (anti)neutrino-nucleon scattering data
• Comparison of Validation Methods of Simulations for Final State Interactions in Hadron Production Experiments
• Multicomponent scalar dark matter at high-intensity proton beam experiments
• Comparing event generator predictions and ab-initio calculations of $\nu$-${}^{12}$C neutral current quasi-elastic scattering at 1 GeV
• Measurement of three-dimensional inclusive muon-neutrino charged-current cross sections on argon with the MicroBooNE detector
• Towards a more complete description of nucleon distortion in lepton-induced single-pion production at low-$Q^2$
• Data-driven model validation for neutrino-nucleus cross section measurements
• Nucleon Structure from Basis Light-Front Quantization : Status and Prospects
• A Gas Monitoring Chamber for High Pressure Applications
• Implementation of the Martini-Ericson-Chanfray-Marteau RPA-based neutrino and antineutrino cross-section model in the GENIE neutrino event generator
• Transfer Learning for Neutrino Scattering: Domain Adaptation with GANs
• Measurement of single charged pion production in charged-current ${\nu }_{\mu }$-Ar interactions with the MicroBooNE detector
• Neutrino-Nucleus scattering in the SuSA model
• Weak Kaon Production off the nucleon and Watson's theorem
• The Superscaling Variable and Neutrino Energy Reconstruction, From Theoretical Predictions to Experimental Limitations
• Phase space of electron- and muon-neutrino and antineutrino scattering off nuclei
• Analysis of quasielastic $(e,e^{\prime })$ electromagnetic responses and scaling for nuclear matter in the relativistic mean field model
• The Forward Physics Facility at the High-Luminosity LHC
• New physics from oscillations at the DUNE near detector, and the role of systematic uncertainties
• Commissioning of a hybrid readout TPC test set-up and gas gain simulations
• Letter of Intent: The Forward Physics Facility
• Status and Perspectives of Neutrino Physics
• Improved superscaling description of electron and charged-current neutrino quasielastic scattering using effective mass dynamics
• Study of neutrino-nucleus reactions with CRISP Program (0 < $E_{\nu }$ < 3 GeV)
• First Measurement of Differential Cross Sections for Muon Neutrino Charged Current Interactions on Argon with a Two-proton Final State in the MicroBooNE Detector
• Neutral-Current Neutrino Scattering from the Deuteron
• Nucleon axial-vector form factor and radius from future neutrino experiments
• Monte Carlo study of KDAR ${\nu }_{\mu }$ charged-current scattering on carbon
• Theory of QED radiative corrections to neutrino scattering at accelerator energies
• Nuclear medium effects in neutrino- and antineutrino-nucleus scattering
• Potential Constraints to Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions Based on Electron Scattering Data
• Towards mono-energetic virtual $\nu$ beam cross-section measurements: A feasibility study of $\nu$-Ar interaction analysis with DUNE-PRISM
• Re-optimization of a deep neural network model for electron-carbon scattering using new experimental data
• Benchmarking intra-nuclear cascade models for neutrino scattering with relativistic optical potentials
• A model for neutrino-nucleus interactions in the GeV region
• Relativistic distorted-wave analysis of the missing-energy spectrum measured with monochromatic ${\nu }_{\mu }$-${}^{12}$C interactions at JSNS${}^2$