Qualification Tests of the R11410-21 Photomultiplier Tubes for the XENON1T Detector

Abstract

The Hamamatsu R11410-21 photomultiplier tube is the photodetector of choice for the XENON1T dual-phase time projection chamber. The device has been optimized for a very low intrinsic radioactivity, a high quantum efficiency and a high sensitivity to single photon detection. A total of 248 tubes are currently operated in XENON1T, selected out of 321 tested units. In this article the procedures implemented to evaluate the large number of tubes prior to their installation in XENON1T are described. The parameter distributions for all tested tubes are shown, with an emphasis on those selected for XENON1T, of which the impact on the detector performance is discussed. All photomultipliers have been tested in a nitrogen atmosphere at cryogenic temperatures, with a subset of the tubes being tested in gaseous and liquid xenon, simulating their operating conditions in the dark matter detector. The performance and evaluation of the tubes in the different environments is reported and the criteria for rejection of PMTs are outlined and quantified.

24 pages, 16 figures

References in corpus (4)

• Performance of the Hamamatsu R11410 Photomultiplier Tube in cryogenic Xenon Environments
• Qualification Tests of 474 Photomultiplier Tubes for the Inner Detector of the Double Chooz Experiment
• Measurement of the absolute Quantum Efficiency of Hamamatsu model R11410-10 photomultiplier tubes at low temperatures down to liquid xenon boiling point
• Transit Time and Charge Correlations of Single Photoelectron Events in R7081 PMTs

Cited by in corpus (25)

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• Current status and muon $g-2$ explanation of lepton portal dark matter
• Search for inelastic scattering of WIMP dark matter in XENON1T
• Improved quality tests of R11410-21 photomultiplier tubes for the XENONnT experiment
• Radiopurity assessment of the energy readout for the NEXT double beta decay experiment
• The XLZD Design Book: Towards the Next-Generation Liquid Xenon Observatory for Dark Matter and Neutrino Physics
• Direct detection of vector dark matter through electromagnetic multipoles
• Characterization of alpha and beta interactions in liquid xenon
• Low-energy Calibration of XENON1T with an Internal ${}^{37}$Ar Source
• Design and construction of Xenoscope -- a full-scale vertical demonstrator for the DARWIN observatory
• Measurement of the relative Quantum Efficiency of Hamamatsu model R5912-20MOD photomultiplier tubes at liquid argon temperature
• Effective field theory and inelastic dark matter results from XENON1T
• Reduction of ${}^{222}$Rn-induced Backgrounds in a Hermetic Dual-Phase Xenon Time Projection Chamber
• Performance evaluation of the 8-inch MCP-PMT for Jinping Neutrino Experiment
• Characterisation of the Hamamatsu R12199-01 HA MOD photomultiplier tube for low temperature applications
• First time-resolved measurement of infrared scintillation light in gaseous xenon
• Development of low-background photomultiplier tubes for liquid xenon detectors
• Singlet fermion dark matter and Dirac neutrinos from Peccei-Quinn symmetry
• The SABRE South Technical Design Report Executive Summary
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