Measurement of the absolute Quantum Efficiency of Hamamatsu model R11410-10 photomultiplier tubes at low temperatures down to liquid xenon boiling point

Abstract

We report on the measurements of the absolute Quantum Efficiency(QE) for Hamamatsu model R11410-10 PMTs specially designed for the use in low background liquid xenon detectors. QE was measured for five PMTs in a spectral range between 154.5 nm to 400 nm at low temperatures down to -110${}^0$C. It was shown that during the PMT cooldown from room temperature to -110 ${}^0$C (a typical PMT operation temperature in liquid xenon detectors), the absolute QE increases by a factor of 1.1 - 1.15 at 175 nm. The QE growth rate with respect to temperature is wavelength dependent peaking at about 165 nm corresponding to the fastest growth of about -0.07 %QE/${}^{0}C$ and at about 200 nm corresponding to slowest growth of below -0.01 %QE/${}^{0}C$. A dedicated setup and methods for PMT Quantum Efficiency measurement at low temperatures are described in details.

arXiv comment16 pages, 12 figures

References in corpus (8)

• The XENON100 Dark Matter Experiment
• The Large Underground Xenon (LUX) Experiment
• Characterization of the Hamamatsu R11410-10 3-Inch Photomultiplier Tube for Liquid Xenon Dark Matter Direct Detection Experiments
• Performance of the Hamamatsu R11410 Photomultiplier Tube in cryogenic Xenon Environments
• An Ultra-Low Background PMT for Liquid Xenon Detectors
• Development of high-gain gaseous photomultipliers for the visible spectral range
• Measurement of the Quantum Efficiency of Hamamatsu R8520 Photomultipliers at Liquid Xenon Temperature
• Ion-induced secondary electron emission from K-Cs-Sb, Na-K-Sb and Cs-Sb photocathodes and its relevance to the operation of gaseous avalanche photomultipliers

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• Improved quality tests of R11410-21 photomultiplier tubes for the XENONnT experiment
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• Observation of light emission from Hamamatsu R11410-20 photomultiplier tubes
• First results of a large-area cryogenic gaseous photomultiplier coupled to a dual-phase liquid xenon TPC
• Proportional electroluminescence in two-phase argon and its relevance to rare-event experiments
• Measurements of wavelength-dependent double photoelectron emission from single photons in VUV-sensitive photomultiplier tubes
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• Puzzling time properties of proportional electroluminescence in two-phase argon detectors for dark matter searches
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• Measurements of the position-dependent photo-detection sensitivity of the Hamamatsu R11410 and R8520 photomultiplier tubes
• Progress in characterization of the Photomultiplier Tubes for XENON1T Dark Matter Experiment