The XXL Survey. II. The bright cluster sample: catalogue and luminosity function

Abstract

Context. The XXL Survey is the largest survey carried out by the XMM-Newton satellite and covers a total area of 50 square degrees distributed over two fields. It primarily aims at investigating the large-scale structures of the Universe using the distribution of galaxy clusters and active galactic nuclei as tracers of the matter distribution. Aims. This article presents the XXL bright cluster sample, a subsample of 100 galaxy clusters selected from the full XXL catalogue by setting a lower limit of $3\times 10^{-14}\mathrm{erg}{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{-2}$ on the source flux within a 1${}^{\prime }$ aperture. Methods. The selection function was estimated using a mixture of Monte Carlo simulations and analytical recipes that closely reproduce the source selection process. An extensive spectroscopic follow-up provided redshifts for 97 of the 100 clusters. We derived accurate X-ray parameters for all the sources. Scaling relations were self-consistently derived from the same sample in other publications of the series. On this basis, we study the number density, luminosity function, and spatial distribution of the sample. Results. The bright cluster sample consists of systems with masses between $M_{500}=7\times 10^{13}$ and $3\times 10^{14}{M}_{\odot }$, mostly located between $z=0.1$ and 0.5. The observed sky density of clusters is slightly below the predictions from the WMAP9 model, and significantly below the predictions from the Planck 2015 cosmology. In general, within the current uncertainties of the cluster mass calibration, models with higher values of ${\sigma }_8$ and/or ${\Omega }_m$ appear more difficult to accommodate. We provide tight constraints on the cluster differential luminosity function and find no hint of evolution out to $z\sim 1$. We also find strong evidence for the presence of large-scale structures in the XXL bright cluster sample and identify five new superclusters.

arXiv commentAccepted by A&A, 25 pages, 17 figures, 7 tables. The XXL-100-GC Master catalogue is available from the XXL Milan database (http://cosmosdb.iasf-milano.inaf.it/XXL/) and through the CDS (cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr)

References in corpus (74)

• Nine-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Cosmological Parameter Results
• The Leiden/Argentine/Bonn (LAB) Survey of Galactic HI: Final data release of the combined LDS and IAR surveys with improved stray-radiation corrections
• The Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) -- Overview
• Toward a halo mass function for precision cosmology: the limits of universality
• Observational Probes of Cosmic Acceleration
• Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA): survey diagnostics and core data release
• The 6dF Galaxy Survey: Final Redshift Release (DR3) and Southern Large-Scale Structures
• Chandra Cluster Cosmology Project III: Cosmological Parameter Constraints
• Power Spectra for Cold Dark Matter and its Variants
• Galaxy Clusters Discovered via the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect in the 2500-square-degree SPT-SZ survey
• The ROSAT-ESO Flux Limited X-ray (REFLEX) Galaxy Cluster Survey. V. The cluster catalogue
• Planck 2013 results. XX. Cosmology from Sunyaev-Zeldovich cluster counts
• The Northern ROSAT All-Sky (NORAS) Galaxy Cluster Survey I: X-ray Properties of Clusters Detected as Extended X-ray Sources
• Planck Early Results: The Planck mission
• MACS: A quest for the most massive galaxy clusters in the universe
• The Evolution of X-ray Clusters of Galaxies
• Cosmological Constraints from the SDSS maxBCG Cluster Catalog
• CFHTLenS: The Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Lensing Survey - Imaging Data and Catalogue Products
• The Canadian Cluster Comparison Project: detailed study of systematics and updated weak lensing masses
• The VIMOS VLT Deep Survey final data release: a spectroscopic sample of 35016 galaxies and AGN out to z~6.7 selected with 17.5<=i_{AB}<=24.7
• The ROSAT Deep Cluster Survey: the X-ray Luminosity Function out to z=0.8
• The Gemini Cluster Astrophysics Spectroscopic Survey (GCLASS): The Role of Environment and Self-Regulation in Galaxy Evolution at z ~ 1
• The XMM-Newton wide-field survey in the COSMOS field: VI. Statistical properties of clusters of galaxies
• Weighing the Giants IV: Cosmology and Neutrino Mass
• The intragroup medium in loose groups of galaxies
• The XXL Survey: I. Scientific motivations - XMM-Newton observing plan - Follow-up observations and simulation programme
• The VIMOS Public Extragalactic Survey (VIPERS): First Data Release of 57 204 spectroscopic measurements
• Cosmological Constraints from Sunyaev-Zel'dovich-Selected Clusters with X-ray Observations in the First 178 Square Degrees of the South Pole Telescope Survey
• The ROSAT-ESO Flux Limited X-Ray (REFLEX) Galaxy Cluster Survey I: The Construction of the Cluster Sample
• The 400 square degrees ROSAT PSPC galaxy cluster survey: Catalog and statistical calibration
• The XMM-Newton EPIC Background: Production of Background Maps and Event Files
• The mass profile of A1413 observed with XMM-Newton: implications for the M-T relation
• The Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey (SXDS): III. X-Ray Data
• Optical and X-ray clusters as tracers of the supercluster-void network. I Superclusters of Abell and X-ray clusters
• The XMM Cluster Survey: Optical analysis methodology and the first data release
• The XMM-LSS survey: the Class 1 cluster sample over the initial 5 square degrees and its cosmological modelling
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Cosmology from Galaxy Clusters Detected via the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect
• New constraints on dark energy from the observed growth of the most X-ray luminous galaxy clusters
• The X-Ray Luminosity--Mass Relation for Local Clusters of Galaxies
• Extragalactic millimeter-wave point source catalog, number counts and statistics from 771 square degrees of the SPT-SZ Survey
• An improved method of constructing binned luminosity functions
• Soft X-ray AGN Luminosity Function from ROSAT Surveys II. Table of the binned Soft X-ray Luminosity Function
• The XMM Large Scale Structure survey: The X-ray pipeline and survey selection function
• Superclusters of galaxies from the 2dF redshift survey. I. The catalogue
• The XXL Survey III. Luminosity-temperature relation of the Bright Cluster Sample
• The extended ROSAT-ESO Flux Limited X-ray Galaxy Cluster Survey (REFLEX II) IV. X-ray Luminosity Function and First Constraints on Cosmological Parameters
• The X-ray luminous galaxy cluster population at 0.9<z<~1.6 as revealed by the XMM-Newton Distant Cluster Project
• Structure Detection in Low Intensity X-Ray Images
• The ROSAT North Ecliptic Pole Survey: The X-ray Catalog
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of the Cl 1604 Supercluster at z~0.9
• SDSS superclusters: morphology and galaxy content
• The cosmological analysis of X-ray cluster surveys: II- Application of the CR-HR method to the XMM archive
• The XMM-LSS catalogue: X-ray sources and associated optical data. Version I
• Two New Catalogues of Superclusters of Abell/ACO Galaxy Clusters out to redshift 0.15
• The XMM-LSS Survey: A well controlled X-ray cluster sample over the D1 CFHTLS area
• The XMM-LSS survey: optical assessment and properties of different X-ray selected cluster classes
• Precision cosmology with a wide area XMM cluster survey
• Distant galaxy clusters in the XMM Large Scale Structure survey
• The extended ROSAT-ESO Flux Limited X-ray Galaxy Cluster Survey (REFLEX II) III. Construction of the first flux-limited supercluster sample
• The XMM Cluster Survey: Forecasting cosmological and cluster scaling-relation parameter constraints
• The XMM-LSS Survey. First high redshift galaxy clusters: relaxed and collapsing systems
• The XMM-LSS survey: the Class 1 cluster sample over the extended 11 deg${}^2$ and its spatial distribution
• Evolution of the Cluster X-ray Luminosity Function
• Southern Cosmology Survey II: Massive Optically-Selected Clusters from 70 square degrees of the SZE Common Survey Area
• The X-CLASS - redMaPPer galaxy cluster comparison: I. Identification procedures
• Effects of Selection and Covariance on X-ray Scaling Relations of Galaxy Clusters
• The BMW Detection Algorithm applied to the Chandra Deep Field south: deeper and deeper
• Covariance matrices for halo number counts and correlation functions
• The XXL survey XIV. AAOmega redshifts for the southern XXL field
• The XXL Survey VII: A supercluster of galaxies at z=0.43
• On the Origin of Cool Core Galaxy Clusters: Comparing X-Ray Observations with Numerical Simulations
• The XXL Survey: XII. Optical spectroscopy of X-ray-selected clusters and the frequency of AGN in superclusters
• Evolution of the X-ray Profiles of Poor Clusters from the XMM-LSS Survey
• The WARPS Survey. VIII. Evolution of the Galaxy Cluster X-ray Luminosity Function

Cited by in corpus (111)

• The galaxy cluster mass scale and its impact on cosmological constraints from the cluster population
• The XXL Survey: I. Scientific motivations - XMM-Newton observing plan - Follow-up observations and simulation programme
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): the G02 field, Herschel-ATLAS target selection and Data Release 3
• An optically-selected cluster catalog at redshift 0.1<z<1.1 from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program S16A data
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: The Two-Season ACTPol Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Selected Cluster Catalog
• The FABLE simulations: A feedback model for galaxies, groups and clusters
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): Catalog of galaxy clusters and groups
• The XXL Survey XX: The 365 cluster catalogue
• The XXL Survey. XIII. Baryon content of the bright cluster sample
• Deep Extragalactic VIsible Legacy Survey (DEVILS): Motivation, Design and Target Catalogue
• The XXL Survey III. Luminosity-temperature relation of the Bright Cluster Sample
• Weak-Lensing Mass Calibration of ACTPol Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Clusters with the Hyper Suprime-Cam Survey
• The XXL Survey IV. Mass-temperature relation of the bright cluster sample
• The impact of the observed baryon distribution in haloes on the total matter power spectrum
• The XXL Survey XXV. Cosmological analysis of the C1 cluster number counts
• Weak lensing Analysis of X-Ray-selected XXL Galaxy Groups and Clusters with Subaru HSC Data
• SPIDERS: the spectroscopic follow-up of X-ray selected clusters of galaxies in SDSS-IV
• A catalogue of clusters of galaxies identified from all sky surveys of 2MASS, WISE, and SuperCOSMOS
• Cosmological Constraints from Galaxy Clusters and Groups in the eROSITA Final Equatorial Depth Survey
• The Projected Dark and Baryonic Ellipsoidal Structure of 20 CLASH Galaxy Clusters
• A large sample of shear selected clusters from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program S16A wide field mass maps
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): Galaxy Clusters and Groups in Disguise
• Localized massive halo properties in Bahamas and Macsis simulations: scalings, log-normality, and covariance
• HICOSMO - Cosmology with a complete sample of galaxy clusters: II. Cosmological results
• The XXL Survey: XVII. X-ray and Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Properties of the Redshift 2.0 Galaxy Cluster XLSSC 122
• On the fast quenching of young low-mass galaxies up to z $\sim$ 0.6: new spotlight on the lead role of environment
• SPT-GMOS: A Gemini/GMOS-South Spectroscopic Survey of Galaxy Clusters in the SPT-SZ Survey
• LoCuSS: The infall of X-ray groups onto massive clusters
• Synthetic simulations of the extragalactic sky seen by eROSITA. I. Pre-launch selection functions from Monte-Carlo simulations
• The XXL Survey: XVI. The clustering of X-ray selected galaxy clusters at z~0.3
• Photometric redshifts for galaxies in the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam and unWISE and a catalogue of identified clusters of galaxies
• Mpc-scale diffuse radio emission in two massive cool-core clusters of galaxies
• The XXL Survey: VI. The 1000 brightest X-ray point sources
• The XXL Survey: XXVII. The 3XLSS point source catalogue
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): Optical confirmation, redshifts, and properties of the cluster and group catalog
• XXL Survey groups and clusters in the Hyper Suprime-Cam Survey. Scaling relations between X-ray properties and weak lensing mass
• The XXL survey XV: Evidence for dry merger driven BCG growth in XXL-100-GC X-ray clusters
• Chandra Measurements of a Complete Sample of X-ray Luminous Galaxy Clusters: The Luminosity-Mass Relation
• An X-ray selected catalog of extended galaxy clusters from the ROSAT All-Sky Survey (RXGCC)
• Overdensities of Submillimetre-Bright Sources around Candidate Protocluster Cores Selected from the South Pole Telescope Survey
• Evolution of the cluster optical galaxy luminosity function in the CFHTLS : breaking the degeneracy between mass and redshift
• A sample of 1959 massive galaxy clusters at high redshifts
• A New X-ray Selected Sample of Very Extended Galaxy Groups from the ROSAT All-Sky Survey
• The X-ray luminosity-temperature relation of a complete sample of low-mass galaxy clusters
• Mass Calibration of the CODEX Cluster Sample using SPIDERS Spectroscopy -- I. The Richness-Mass Relation
• Tests of Gravity with Galaxy Clusters
• The HectoMAP Cluster Survey - I. redMaPPer Clusters
• The XXL Survey VIII: MUSE characterisation of intracluster light in a z$\sim$0.53 cluster of galaxies
• The XXL Survey VII: A supercluster of galaxies at z=0.43
• The XXL Survey XXIV. The final detection pipeline
• Weak lensing clusters from HSC survey first-year data: Mitigating the dilution effect of foreground and cluster member galaxies
• The XXL Survey XXVIII. Galaxy luminosity functions of the XXL-N clusters
• eROSITA cluster cosmology forecasts: cluster temperature substructure bias
• The HectoMAP Cluster Survey: Spectroscopically Identified Clusters and their Brightest Cluster Galaxies (BCGs)
• Unveiling the merger dynamics of the most massive MaDCoWS cluster at $z=1.2$ from a multi-wavelength mapping of its intracluster medium properties
• The XXL Survey: XXIII. The Mass Scale of XXL Clusters from Ensemble Spectroscopy
• MultiDark-Clusters: Galaxy Cluster Mock Light-Cones, eROSITA and the Cluster Power Spectrum
• Effects of Multiphase Gas and Projection on X-ray Observables in Simulated Galaxy Clusters as Seen by eROSITA
• The XXL Survey: XII. Optical spectroscopy of X-ray-selected clusters and the frequency of AGN in superclusters
• Hierarchical inference of the relationship between Concentration and Mass in Galaxy Groups and Clusters
• The Spatial Correlation of Bent-Tail Galaxies and Galaxy Clusters
• The XXL Survey X: K-band luminosity - weak-lensing mass relation for groups and clusters of galaxies
• Active gas features in three HSC-SSP CAMIRA clusters revealed by high angular resolution analysis of MUSTANG-2 SZE and XXL X-ray observations
• Planck/SDSS Cluster Mass and Gas Scaling Relations for a Volume-Complete redMaPPer Sample
• Understanding X-ray and optical selection of galaxy clusters: A comparison of the XXL and CAMIRA cluster catalogues obtained in the common XXL-HSC SSP area
• The XXL Survey: XXXVII. The role of the environment in shaping the stellar population properties of galaxies at 0.1<z<0.5
• Cosmology with XMM galaxy clusters: the X-CLASS/GROND catalogue and photometric redshifts
• The XXL Survey XIX. A realistic population of simulated X-ray AGN: Comparison of models with observations
• The HectoMAP Cluster Survey - II. X-ray Clusters
• The XXL Survey: XXII. The XXL-North spectrophotometric sample and galaxy stellar mass function in X-ray detected groups and clusters
• Can AGN and galaxy clusters explain the surface brightness fluctuations of the cosmic X-ray background?
• Low X-ray surface brightness clusters: Implications on the scatter of the $M-T$ and $L-T$ relations
• AMICO galaxy clusters in KiDS-DR3: Cosmological constraints from angular power spectrum and correlation function
• The XXL Survey: XXXVIII. Scatters and correlations of X-ray proxies in the bright XXL cluster sample
• The cosmological analysis of X-ray cluster surveys; III. 4D X-ray observable diagrams
• A Spectroscopic Census of X-ray Systems in the COSMOS Field
• The XXL Survey XLIV. Sunyaev-Zel'dovich mapping of a low-mass cluster at z~1: a multi-wavelength approach
• The XXL Survey: XXX. Characterisation of the XLSSsC N01 supercluster and analysis of the galaxy stellar populations
• The XXL survey: first results and future
• Optical follow-up study of 32 high-redshift galaxy cluster candidates from Planck with the William Herschel Telescope
• XXL Survey XXI. The environment and clustering of X-ray AGN in the XXL-South field
• The XXL Survey: XXXIV. Double irony in XXL-North. A tale of two radio galaxies in a supercluster at z = 0.14
• The cosmological analysis of X-ray cluster surveys: IV. Testing ASpiX with template-based cosmological simulations
• The XXL Survey XXXII. Spatial clustering of the XXL-S AGN
• Galaxy cluster optical mass proxies from probabilistic memberships
• Studying the ICM in clusters of galaxies via surface brightness fluctuations of the cosmic X-ray background
• X-ray properties of X-CLASS-redMaPPer galaxy cluster sample: The luminosity-temperature relation
• Cluster candidates with massive quiescent galaxies at $z\sim 2$
• CSST Cosmological Emulator II: Generalized Accurate Halo Mass Function Emulation
• Virial theorem in clusters of galaxies with MOND
• The XXL Survey: XLVIII; X-ray follow-up of distant XXL clusters: Masses, scaling relations and AGN contamination
• Toward the low-scatter selection of X-ray clusters: Galaxy cluster detection with eROSITA through cluster outskirts
• The XMM Cluster Survey: An independent demonstration of the fidelity of the eFEDS galaxy cluster data products and implications for future studies
• X-ray cluster cosmology
• The hydrostatic-to-lensing mass bias from resolved X-ray and optical-IR data
• The XXL Survey: XXXIII. Chandra Constraints on the AGN Contamination of z > 1 XXL Galaxy Clusters
• The XXL Survey XLV. Linking the ages of optically selected groups to their X-ray emission
• Enabling discovery of gravitationally lensed explosive transients: a new method to build an all-sky watch-list of groups and clusters of galaxies
• Multiwavelength classification of X-ray selected galaxy cluster candidates using convolutional neural networks
• The XXL Survey: XXXIX. Polarised radio sources in the XXL-South field
• The XXL Survey: IX. Optical overdensity and radio continuum analysis of a supercluster at $z=0.43$
• The XXL Survey LI. Pressure profile and $Y_{\mathrm{SZ}}$-$M$ scaling relation in three low-mass galaxy clusters at $z\sim 1$ observed with NIKA2
• An Empirical Mass Function Distribution
• XMM-Newton X-ray and HST weak gravitational lensing study of the extremely X-ray luminous galaxy cluster ClJ120958.9+495352 ($z=0.902$)
• The XMM-SERVS X-ray eXtended Galaxy Cluster (XVXGC) catalog
• Do blue galaxy-clusters have hot intracluster gas?
• Aemulus $\nu$: Precision halo mass functions in w$\nu$CDM cosmologies
• Distant clusters of galaxies in the 2XMM/SDSS footprint: follow-up observations with the LBT
• HSC-XXL : Baryon budget of the 136 XXL Groups and Clusters
• AMICO-WL: an optimal filtering algorithm for galaxy cluster detections with weak lensing
• The SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey $J$-Band Follow-Up Observations for Selected High-Redshift Galaxy Cluster Candidates