Solar Modulation of Cosmic Rays

Abstract

This is an overview of the solar modulation of cosmic rays in the heliosphere. It is a broad topic with numerous intriguing aspects so that a research framework has to be chosen to concentrate on. The review focuses on the basic paradigms and departure points without presenting advanced theoretical or observational details for which there exists a large number of comprehensive reviews. Instead, emphasis is placed on numerical modeling which has played an increasingly significant role as computational resources have become more abundant. A main theme is the progress that has been made over the years. The emphasis is on the global features of CR modulation and on the causes of the observed 11-year and 22-year cycles and charge-sign dependent modulation. Illustrative examples of some of the theoretical and observational milestones are presented, without attempting to review all details or every contribution made in this field of research. Controversial aspects are discussed where appro- priate, with accompanying challenges and future prospects. The year 2012 was the centennial celebration of the discovery of cosmic rays so that several general reviews were dedicated to historical aspects so that such developments are brie y presented only in a few cases.

Published version available at http://www.livingreviews.org/lrsp-2013-3

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Cited by in corpus (152)

• The Origin of Galactic Cosmic Rays
• The multi-scale nature of the solar wind
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• Time dependence of the e^- flux measured by PAMELA during the July 2006 - December 2009 solar minimum
• Investigating Mercury's Environment with the Two-Spacecraft BepiColombo Mission
• The evolution of the solar wind
• Measurements of the atmospheric neutrino flux by Super-Kamiokande: energy spectra, geomagnetic effects, and solar modulation
• Novel cosmic-ray electron and positron constraints on MeV dark matter particles
• A Hitch-hiker's Guide to Stochastic Differential Equations: Solution Methods for Energetic Particle Transport in Space Physics and Astrophysics
• Bayesian analysis of spatial-dependent cosmic-ray propagation: astrophysical background of antiprotons and positrons
• A Predictive Analytic Model for the Solar Modulation of Cosmic Rays
• Updated cosmic-ray and radio constraints on light dark matter: Implications for the GeV gamma-ray excess at the Galactic center
• Dark Sunshine: Detecting Dark Matter through Dark Photons from the Sun
• New very local interstellar spectra for electrons, positrons, protons and light cosmic ray nuclei
• Re-calibration of the Sunspot Number: Status Report
• Proton fluxes measured by the PAMELA experiment from the minimum to the maximum solar activity for the 24th solar cycle
• What Does The PAMELA Antiproton Spectrum Tell Us About Dark Matter?
• Heliosheath Processes and the Structure of the Heliopause: Modeling Energetic Particles, Cosmic Rays, and Magnetic Fields
• Propagation of Cosmic Rays in Heliosphere: the HelMod Model
• On the astronomical origin of the Hallstatt oscillation found in radiocarbon and climate records throughout the Holocene
• The Return of the Templates: Revisiting the Galactic Center Excess with Multi-Messenger Observations
• Galactic cosmic-ray propagation in the light of AMS-02: I. Analysis of protons, helium, and antiprotons
• Numerical modeling of galactic cosmic ray proton and helium observed by AMS-02 during the solar maximum of Solar Cycle 24
• Time dependence of the electron and positron components of the cosmic radiation measured by the PAMELA experiment between July 2006 and December 2015
• Modulation of galactic cosmic rays during the unusual solar minimum between cycles 23 and 24
• AMS-02 antiprotons' consistency with a secondary astrophysical origin
• The origin of the spectral intensities of cosmic-ray positrons
• Cosmic Ray Models
• Evidence for a Time Lag in Solar Modulation of Galactic Cosmic Rays
• An empirical modification of the force field approach to describe the modulation of galactic cosmic rays close to Earth in a broad range of rigidities
• Cosmic Ray Diffusion Coefficients Throughout The Inner Heliosphere From Global Solar Wind Simulation
• First Observation of Time Variation in the Solar-Disk Gamma-Ray Flux with Fermi
• Solar cycle indices from the photosphere to the corona: measurements and underlying physics
• Time-Dependent Modulation of Cosmic Rays in the Heliosphere
• Solar and nuclear physics uncertainties in cosmic-ray propagation
• Long-term modulation of solar cycles
• New local interstellar spectra for protons, Helium and Carbon derived from PAMELA and Voyager 1 observations
• Cosmic-ray database update: ultra-high energy, ultra-heavy, and anti-nuclei cosmic-ray data (CRDB v4.0)
• Low energy cosmic rays
• Validation of the neutron monitor yield function using data from AMS-02 experiment, 2011--2017
• Modulation of Galactic Cosmic Rays in the Inner Heliosphere over Solar Cycles
• Testing diffusion of cosmic rays in the heliosphere with proton and helium data from AMS
• Global gradients for cosmic-ray protons in the heliosphere during the solar minimum of cycle 23/24
• Numerical modeling of cosmic rays in the heliosphere: Analysis of proton data from AMS-02 and PAMELA
• Diffusive Versus Free-Streaming Cosmic Ray Transport in Molecular Clouds
• An Analytical Diffusion-Expansion Model for Forbush Decreases Caused by Flux Ropes
• Cosmic rays and non-thermal emission in simulated galaxies. I. Electron and proton spectra compared to Voyager-1 data
• Direct constraints on diffusion models from cosmic-ray positron data: Excluding the Minimal model for dark matter searches
• Annual Cosmic Ray Spectra from 250 MeV up to 1.6 GeV from 1995 - 2014 Measured With the Electron Proton Helium Instrument onboard SOHO
• Neutron monitors and muon detectors for solar modulation studies: Interstellar flux, yield function, and assessment of critical parameters in count rate calculations
• TeV Solar Gamma Rays From Cosmic-Ray Interactions
• Unexpected Dip in the Solar Gamma-Ray Spectrum
• Breaks in interstellar spectra of positrons and electrons derived from time-dependent AMS data
• Possible Evidence for the Stochastic Acceleration of Secondary Antiprotons by Supernova Remnants
• Robust cosmic-ray constraints on $p$-wave annihilating MeV dark matter
• Simulations of cosmic ray propagation
• Stochastic Fluctuations of Low-Energy Cosmic Rays and the Interpretation of Voyager Data
• Modeling of Heliospheric Modulation of Cosmic-ray Positrons in a Very Quiet Heliosphere
• New evidence for charge-sign dependent modulation during the solar minimum of 2006 to 2009
• Evidence of energy and charge sign dependence of the recovery time for the December 2006 Forbush event measured by the PAMELA experiment
• Implementation of CR Energy SPectrum (CRESP) algorithm in PIERNIK MHD code. I. Spectrally resolved propagation of CR electrons on Eulerian grids
• New minimal, median, and maximal propagation models for dark matter searches with Galactic cosmic rays
• Unusual plasma and particle signatures at Mars and STEREO-A related to CME-CME interaction
• Penetrating particle ANalyzer (PAN)
• Stellar versus Galactic: The intensity of cosmic rays at the evolving Earth and young exoplanets around Sun-like stars
• Time-dependent AMS-02 electron-positron fluxes in an extended force-field model
• The Galactic cosmic ray intensity at the evolving Earth and young exoplanets
• Activity Complexes and A Prominent Poleward Surge During Solar Cycle 24
• Cosmic Ray Intensity Variation Lags Sunspot number: Implications of Late Opening of Solar Magnetic Field
• The spectral shapes of the fluxes of electrons and positrons and the average residence time of cosmic rays in the Galaxy
• Time and Charge-Sign Dependence of the Heliospheric Modulation of Cosmic Rays
• A Genetic Algorithm for Astroparticle Physics Studies
• First results from the LUCID-Timepix spacecraft payload onboard the TechDemoSat-1 satellite in Low Earth Orbit
• Time dependent solar modulation of cosmic rays from solar minimum to solar maximum
• Forbush decreases and $<$ 2-day GCR flux non-recurrent variations studied with LISA Pathfinder
• Numerical modeling of cosmic-ray transport in the heliosphere and interpretation of the proton-to-helium ratio in Solar Cycle 24
• Evolution of coronal mass ejections and the corresponding Forbush decreases: modelling vs multi-spacecraft observations
• Cosmic-Ray Interactions in the Solar Atmosphere
• Unfolding Drift Effects for Cosmic Rays over the Period of the Sun's Magnetic Field Reversal
• Nature of grand minima and maxima from fully non-linear Flux-Transport Dynamos
• The Earth-like Galactic cosmic ray intensity in the habitable zone of the M dwarf GJ 436
• Measurements of the Time-Dependent Cosmic-Ray Sun Shadow with Seven Years of IceCube Data -- Comparison with the Solar Cycle and Magnetic Field Models
• Temporal evolution and rigidity dependence of the solar modulation lag of Galactic cosmic rays
• TeV Cosmic-Ray Anisotropy from the Magnetic Field at the Heliospheric Boundary
• Cosmic-ray antiprotons in the AMS-02 era: A sensitive probe of dark matter
• Mirror diffusion of cosmic rays in highly compressible turbulence near supernova remnants
• Time variation of the atmospheric neutrino flux at dark matter detectors
• Multimessenger search for electrophilic feebly interacting particles from supernovae
• Testing universality of cosmic-ray acceleration with proton/helium data from AMS and Voyager-1
• Cosmic-ray ionization rate in protoplanetary disks with sheared magnetic fields
• Long-term forcing of Sun's coronal field, open flux and cosmic ray modulation potential during grand minima, maxima and regular activity phases by the solar dynamo mechanism
• Selected Topics in Cosmic Ray Physics
• The energetic particle environment of a GJ 436 b-like planet
• Hadronic Interactions of Energetic Charged Particles in Protogalactic Outflow Environments and Implications for the Early Evolution of Galaxies
• The Effects of Cosmic Rays on the Chemistry of Dense Cores
• Unexpected cyclic behavior in cosmic ray protons observed by PAMELA at 1 AU
• On the current solar magnetic activity in the light of its behaviour during the Holocene
• Charting nearby stellar systems: The intensity of Galactic cosmic rays for a sample of solar-type stars
• An ACE/CRIS-observation-based Galactic Cosmic Rays heavy nuclei spectra model II
• Ionization effect in the Earth's atmosphere during the sequence of October-November 2003 Halloween GLE events
• Fireball anti-nucleosynthesis
• Approximate Riemann Solvers for the Cosmic Ray Magnetohydrodynamical Equations
• The strong suppression of Galactic cosmic rays reaching AU Mic b, c and Prox Cen b
• Distinctive nuclear signatures of low-energy atmospheric neutrinos
• Using Cosmic Rays detected by HST as Geophysical Markers I: Detection and Characterization of Cosmic Rays
• Constraining the Charge-, Time- and Rigidity-Dependence of Cosmic-Ray Solar Modulation with AMS-02 Observations during Solar Cycle 24
• Local interstellar spectra and solar modulation of cosmic ray proton and Helium
• Modulation of cosmic ray anti-protons in the heliosphere: simulations for a solar cycle
• First measurements of periodicities and anisotropies of cosmic ray flux observed with a water-Cherenkov detector at the Marambio Antarctic base
• Solar modulation of AMS-02 daily proton and Helium fluxes with modified force field approximation models
• Current status and new perspectives on cosmic ray deuterons
• Injection spectra of different species of cosmic rays from AMS-02, ACE-CRIS and Voyager-1
• Constraining Time Dependent Dark Matter Signals from the Sun
• Setting the Stage for Habitable Planets
• Deriving the solar activity cycle modulation on cosmic ray intensity observed by Nagoya muon detector from October 1970 until December 2012
• Exploring the high energy frontiers of the Milky Way with ground-based gamma-ray astronomy: PeVatrons and the quest for the origin of Galactic cosmic-rays
• AMS-02 antiprotons and dark matter: Trimmed hints and robust bounds
• Observation of a time lag in solar modulation of cosmic rays in the heliosphere
• Data driven analysis of cosmic rays in the heliosphere: diffusion of cosmic protons
• Galactic Cosmic Rays at Mars and Venus: Temporal Variations from Hours to Decades Measured as the Background Signal of Onboard Micro-Channel Plates
• Charge-sign dependent solar modulation for everyone
• Propagation Times and Energy Losses of Cosmic Protons and Antiprotons in Interplanetary Space
• Potential of Constraining Propagation Parameters of Galactic Cosmic Rays with the High Energy cosmic-Radiation Detection facility onboard China's Space Station
• Advancing Precision Particle Background Estimation for Future X-ray Missions: Correlated Variability between AMS and Chandra/XMM-Newton
• Reanalysis of the Systematic Uncertainties in Cosmic-Ray Antiproton Flux
• Evidence for GeV Cosmic Rays from White Dwarfs in the Local Cosmic Ray Spectra and in the Gamma-ray Emissivity of the Inner Galaxy
• Forecasting of the time-dependent fluxes of antiprotons in the AMS-02 era
• Deep Learning the Forecast of Galactic Cosmic-Ray Spectra
• Transient Heliosheath Modulation
• Scaler rates from the Pierre Auger Observatory: a new proxy of solar activity
• Puzzling Variation of Gamma Rays from the Sun over the Solar Cycle Revealed with Fermi-LAT
• Temporal Correlation between Positive-Charged Cosmic Ray Flux and Solar Polar Field Variation: Insights from Delayed Modulation Analysis
• Constraining the global heliospheric transport of galactic cosmic rays in solar cycles 23 and 24
• Cosmic-ray deuteron excess from a primary component
• Possible counterpart signal of the Fermi bubbles at the cosmic-ray positrons
• Probing solar modulation of AMS-02 time-dependent D, ${}^3$He and ${}^4$He fluxes with modified force field approximation
• Reexamine the dark matter scenario accounting for the positron excess in a new cosmic ray propagation model
• SECRET: Stochasticity Emulator for Cosmic Ray Electrons
• First Observations of Solar Halo Gamma Rays Over a Full Solar Cycle
• There and back again: Solar cycle effects in future measurements of low-energy atmospheric neutrinos
• Current sheets, plasmoids and flux ropes in the heliosphere. Part II: Theoretical aspects
• Measurement of Cosmic-Ray Density in the Spiral Arms toward Galactic Anticenter
• Diverse properties of electron Forbush decreases revealed by the Dark Matter Particle Explorer
• In-flight calibration of RADEM, the JUICE mission radiation monitor
• Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs): evolution over a solar lifetime
• Diffuse continuum emission and large extended sources at MeV energies
• The two-step Forbush decrease: a tale of two substructures modulating galactic cosmic rays within coronal mass ejections
• An Exact, Time-dependent Analytical Solution for the Magnetic Field in the Inner Heliosheath
• New insights from cross-correlation studies between Solar activity and Cosmic-ray fluxes
• Data driven analysis of Galactic cosmic rays in the heliosphere: diffusion of cosmic protons and nuclei
• A web application for monitoring cosmic rays and solar activity
• Antinuclei from Primordial Black Holes