Supernova 2011fe from an Exploding Carbon-Oxygen White Dwarf Star

Abstract

Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) have been used empirically as standardized candles to reveal the accelerating universe even though fundamental details, such as the nature of the progenitor system and how the star explodes, remained a mystery. There is consensus that a white dwarf star explodes after accreting matter in a binary system, but the secondary could be anything from a main sequence star to a red giant, or even another white dwarf. The uncertainty stems from the fact that no recent SN Ia has been discovered close enough to detect the stars before explosion. Here we report early observations of SN 2011fe (PTF11kly) in M101 at a distance of 6.4 Mpc, the closest SN Ia in the past 25 years. We find that the exploding star was likely a carbon-oxygen white dwarf, and from the lack of an early shock we conclude that the companion was most likely a main sequence star. Early spectroscopy shows high-velocity oxygen that varies on a time scale of hours and extensive mixing of newly synthesized intermediate mass elements in the outermost layers of the supernova. A companion paper uses pre-explosion images to rule out luminous red giants and most helium stars as companions.

20 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, in press

References in corpus (4)

• SNLS3: Constraints on Dark Energy Combining the Supernova Legacy Survey Three Year Data with Other Probes
• Constraints on the Progenitor System of the Type Ia Supernova SN 2011fe/PTF11kly
• Type Ia Supernovae as Stellar Endpoints and Cosmological Tools
• Early emission from type Ia supernovae

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• Exploring the shell model of high-velocity features of Type Ia supernovae using TARDIS
• Self-shielding of Soft X-rays in SN Ia Progenitors
• The HST Non-Detection of SN Ia 2011fe 11.5yr After Explosion Further Restricts Single-Degenerate Progenitor Systems
• Three is the magic number -- distance measurement of NGC 3147 using SN 2021hpr and its siblings
• Multi-epoch Spectropolarimetry of SN 2011fe
• Exploring the range of impacts of helium in the spectra of double detonation models for Type Ia supernovae
• Multi-wavelength Observations of the 2015 Nova in the Local Group Irregular Dwarf Galaxy IC 1613
• Chandra Fails to Detect X-ray Emission from Type Ia SN 2018fhw/ASASSN-18tb
• Milestones of general relativity: Hubble's law (1929) and the expansion of the universe
• Comparing the light curves of simulated Type Ia Supernovae with observations using data-driven models
• Life Beyond PTF
• Characterization of Supernovae Based on the Spectral-Temporal Energy Distribution: Possible two SN Ib Subtypes
• Synthesis of radioactive elements in novae and supernovae and their use as a diagnostic tool
• Spectroscopic identification of a redshift 1.55 supernova host galaxy from the Subaru Deep Field Supernova Survey
• General relativistic pulsations of ultra-massive ZZ Ceti stars
• Liverpool Telescope 2: a new robotic facility for time domain astronomy in 2020+
• Supersoft X-Ray Nebulae in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Allan Sandage and the Distance Scale
• The supernova Ia 2011fe in M101, its tip of the red-giant branch (TRGB) distance, and the value of H_0
• Direct Analysis of the Broad-Line SN 2019ein: Connection with the Core-Normal SN 2011fe
• Nucleosynthesis and Gamma-Ray Line Spectroscopy with INTEGRAL
• ZTF SN Ia DR2 follow-up: Exploring the origin of the Type Ia supernova host galaxy step through Si II velocities
• Spectra of faint sources in crowded fields with FRODOSpec on the Liverpool Robotic Telescope
• Spectropolarimetry of the Type Ia SN 2019ein rules out significant global asphericity of the ejecta
• Observations of SN2011fe with INTEGRAL
• X-Ray Observations of Type Ia Supernova 2018cqj
• Observational Properties of SNe Ia Progenitors Close to the Explosion
• SN 2021hpr: A Normal Type Ia Supernova Showing Excess Emission in the Early Rising Phase
• Normal or transitional? The evolution and properties of two type Ia supernovae in the Virgo cluster
• Discovery of a runaway star likely ejected by a Type Iax Supernova
• Primordial Black Hole Triggered Type Ia Supernovae II: Comparison with Supernova Remnants and Galactic Chemical Evolution
• Possible detection of singly-ionized oxygen in the Type Ia SN 2010kg
• Abundance stratification in type Ia supernovae -- VII. The peculiar, C-rich iPTF16abc: highlighting diversity among luminous events
• SN 2021pfs: A Type Ia Supernova Likely Affected by Progenitor Metallicity, as Revealed by Comparison with Its Twin Counterpart
• A Minute-Cadence Deep Bulge Survey: First Data Release of DREAMS
• iPTF16geu through the lens of thermonuclear explosion models
• Hot subdwarfs from the surviving companions of the white dwarf + main-sequence channel of Type Ia supernovae