Strangeness Production close to Threshold in Proton-Nucleus and Heavy-Ion Collisions

Abstract

We discuss strangeness production close to threshold in p+A and A+A collision. Comparing the body of available K+, K0, K-, and Lambda data with the IQMD transport code and for some key observables as well with the HSD transport code, we find good agreement for the large majority of the observables. The investigation of the reaction with help of these codes reveals the complicated interaction of the strange particles with hadronic matter which makes strangeness production in heavy-ion collisions very different from that in elementary interactions. We show how different strange particle observables can be used to study the different facets of this interaction (production, rescattering and potential interaction) which finally merge into a comprehensive understanding of these interactions. We identify those observables which allow for studying (almost) exclusively one of these processes to show how future high precision experiments can improve our quantitative understanding. Finally, we discuss how the K+ multiplicity can be used to study the hadronic equation of state.

arXiv comment134 pages, pdf 3.3MB, version to be published in Physics Reports

References in corpus (88)

• Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (in "The Review of Particle Properties" 2004)
• Microscopic Models for Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
• Determination of the Equation of State of Dense Matter
• Recent Progress and New Challenges in Isospin Physics with Heavy-Ion Reactions
• Thermal phenomenology of hadrons from 200 AGeV S+S collisions
• Non perturbative chiral approach to s-wave \bar{K}N interactions
• Chiral Dynamics and the Low Energy Kaon-Nucleon Interaction
• Soft-core hyperon-nucleon potentials
• Modelling the many-body dynamics of heavy ion collisions: Present status and future perspective
• SU(3) Chiral Dynamics with Coupled Channels: Eta and Kaon Photoproduction
• Chiral Dynamics and the $S_{11}(1535)$ Nucleon Resonance
• Chiral Unitary approach to meson-meson and meson-baryon interactions and nuclear applications
• Microscopic determination of the nuclear incompressibility within the non-relativistic framework
• The properties of \bar{K} in the nuclear medium
• Evidence for a Soft Nuclear Equation-of-State from Kaon Production in Heavy Ion Collisions
• Probing the nuclear equation of state by $K^{+}$ production in heavy ion collisions
• Nuclear kaon dynamics
• A microscopic estimate of the nuclear matter compressibility and symmetry energy in relativistic mean-field models
• Systematics of pion emission in heavy ion collisions in the 1A GeV regime
• In-medium Production of Kaons at the Mean-Field Level
• Hadronic Matter is Soft
• Nuclear matter incompressibility coefficient in relativistic and nonrelativistic microscopic models
• K${}^{-}$-proton scattering and the $\Lambda (1405)$ in dense matter
• Excitation function of elliptic flow in Au+Au collisions and the nuclear matter equation of state
• Medium effects in high energy heavy-ion collisions
• Influence of Impact Parameter on Thermal Description of Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions at GSI/SIS
• Kaon versus Antikaon Production at SIS Energies
• Phi decay: a relevant source for K- production at SIS energies?
• Modelization of the EOS
• Resonance model study of kaon production in baryon baryon reactions for heavy ion collisions
• On the transverse momentum distribution of strange hadrons produced in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Study of chirally motivated low-energy $K^{-}$ optical potentials
• Azimuthal correlations of pions in relativistic heavy ion collisions at 1 GeV/nucl.
• Unmasking the nuclear matter equation of state
• Phi decay in nuclei
• Kaonic nuclei studied based on a new framework of Antisymmetric Molecular Dynamics
• Strange nuclear matter within Brueckner-Hartree-Fock Theory
• $K^{-}$ - nucleus relativistic mean field potentials consistent with kaonic atoms
• In-Medium Effects on K0 Mesons in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
• The Role of the $\Delta (1920)$ Resonance for Kaon Production in Heavy Ion Collisions
• Antikaon production in A+A collisions at SIS energies within an off-shell G-matrix approach
• Production of K+ and of K- Mesons in Heavy-Ion Collisions from 0.6 to 2.0 AGeV Incident Energy
• Sideward flow of K+ mesons in Ru+Ru and Ni+Ni reactions near threshold
• Deeply bound levels in kaonic atoms
• Partial wave contributions to the antikaon potential at finite momentum
• Enhanced Out-of-plane Emission of K+ Mesons observed in Au+Au Collisions at 1 AGeV
• First Measurement of Antikaon Phase-Space Distributions in Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions at Subthreshold Beam Energies
• The antikaon nuclear potential in hot and dense matter
• Total Cross Section of the Reaction pp \to pK^+ΛClose to Threshold
• Chiral approach to antikaon s- and p-wave interactions in dense nuclear matter
• Kaon-Nucleon Scattering from Chiral Lagrangians
• Transport Theories for Heavy Ion Collisions in the 1 AGeV Regime
• Kaons and antikaons in hot and dense hadronic matter
• K^+ production in the reaction ${}^{58}Ni{+}^{58}Ni$ at incident energies from 1 to 2 AGeV
• Stopping and Radial Flow in Central 58Ni + 58Ni Collisions between 1 and 2 AGeV
• Self consistent propagation of hyperons and antikaons in nuclear matter based on relativistic chiral SU(3) dynamics
• Pion-Nucleon Sigma Term in Lattice QCD
• A critical analysis on deeply bound kaonic states in nuclei
• Neutral Pions and Eta Mesons as Probes of the Hadronic Fireball in Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions around 1A GeV
• Equation of State of Nuclear Matter at high baryon density
• First evidence for different freeze-out conditions for kaons and antikaons observed in heavy-ion collisions
• Antikaon production in nucleon-nucleon reactions near threshold
• Direct comparison of phase-space distributions of K- and K+ mesons in heavy-ion collisions at SIS energies - evidence for in-medium modifications of kaons ?
• First observation of in-medium effects on phase space distributions of antikaons measured in proton-nucleus collisions
• A search for deeply bound kaonic nuclear states
• Azimuthal dependence of collective expansion for symmetric heavy ion collisions
• K^0 and Λproduction in Ni + Ni collisions near threshold
• Consequences of covariant kaon dynamics in heavy ion collisions
• Directed Flow of $\Lambda$-Hyperons in 2-6 AGeV Au+Au Collisions
• On the flow of kaons produced in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Observation of different azimuthal emission patterns for K+ and of K- mesons in Heavy Ion Collisions at 1-2 AGeV
• The Emission Pattern of High-Energy Pions: A New Probe for the Early Phase of Heavy Ion Collisions
• Kaon and antikaon properties in cold nuclear medium
• Evidence of kaon nuclear and Coulomb potential effects on soft K+ production from nuclei
• Critical review of [K- ppn] bound states
• Review of SIS Experimental Results on Strangeness
• The breathing-mode giant monopole resonance and the surface compressibility in the relativistic mean-field theory
• On the chemical equilibration of strangeness-exchange reaction in heavy-ion collisions
• Radial sensitivity of kaonic atoms and strongly bound $\bar{K}$ states
• The effect of the in-medium ${\Theta }^{+}$ pentaquark on the kaon optical potential
• Bulk and single-particle properties of hyperonic matter at finite temperature
• The nuclear equation of state probed by $K^{+}$ production in heavy ion collisions
• Strangeness Production in Microscopic Transport Models
• Strangeness production in heavy ion reactions at intermediate energies
• Phenomenological analysis of K+ meson production in proton-nucleus collisions
• $\pi N\sigma$ Term and Quark Spin Content of the Nucleon
• Effect of in-medium properties on heavy-ion collisions
• Survey of experimental data

Cited by in corpus (99)

• Equations of state for supernovae and compact stars
• QCD and strongly coupled gauge theories: challenges and perspectives
• Strangeness in Nuclei and Neutron Stars
• Constraining the nuclear matter equation of state around twice saturation density
• Parton-Hadron-Quantum-Molecular Dynamics (PHQMD) -- A Novel Microscopic N-Body Transport Approach for Heavy-Ion Collisions, Dynamical Cluster Formation and Hypernuclei Production
• Meson-nucleus potentials and the search for meson-nucleus bound states
• Formation of hypermatter and hypernuclei within transport models in relativistic ion collisions
• Nuclear dynamics and particle production near threshold energies in heavy-ion collisions
• Chiral symmetry restoration versus deconfinement in heavy-ion collisions at high baryon density
• Effects of hadronic rescattering on multistrange hadrons in high-energy nuclear collisions
• Sub-threshold $\varphi$ and ${\Xi }^{-}$ production by high mass resonances with UrQMD
• Momentum-dependent potential and collective flows within the relativistic quantum molecular dynamics approach based on relativistic mean-field theory
• Imposing multi-physics constraints at different densities on the Neutron Star Equation of State
• Deep sub-threshold $\Xi$ and $\Lambda$ production in nuclear collisions with the UrQMD transport model
• Freeze-out temperature from net-Kaon fluctuations at RHIC
• In-medium effects in strangeness production in heavy-ion collisions at (sub-)threshold energies
• Deep sub-threshold ϕ production and implications for the K+/K- freeze-out in Au+Au collisions
• System Size and Energy Dependence of Dilepton Production in Heavy-Ion Collisions at SIS Energies
• On the Origin of the Elliptic Flow and its Dependence on the Equation of State in Heavy Ion Reactions at Intermediate Energies
• Baryonic resonances close to the Kbar-N threshold: the case of Sigma(1385)^+ in pp collisions
• Molecular dynamics description of an expanding $q$/$\bar{q}$ plasma with the Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model and applications to heavy ion collisions at RHIC and LHC energies
• Sub-threshold production of K^{0}_{s} mesons and Λ hyperons in Au(1.23A GeV)+Au
• Lambda hyperon production and polarization in collisions of p(3.5 GeV) + Nb
• Probing the density dependence of symmetry energy via multifragmentation at sub-saturation densities
• Formation of hypernuclei in heavy-ion collisions around the threshold energies
• FRIGA, A New Approach To Identify Isotopes and Hyper-nuclei In N-Body Transport Models
• $\varphi$ meson self-energy in nuclear matter from $\varphi N$ resonant interactions
• Anti-strange meson-baryon interaction in hot and dense nuclear matter
• Dynamics of strangeness and collective flows in heavy-ion collisions near threshold energies
• In-medium and isospin effects on particle production near threshold energies in heavy-ion collisions
• Probing Strangeness Canonical Ensemble with $K^{-}$, $\varphi (1020)$ and ${\Xi }^{-}$ Production in Au+Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=3\mathrm{GeV}$
• Momentum dependent mean-field dynamics of compressed nuclear matter and neutron stars
• Finite temperature gluon spectral functions from $N_f=2+1+1$ lattice QCD
• Azimuthal Emission Patterns of $K^{+}$ and of $K^{-}$ Mesons in Ni + Ni Collisions near the Strangeness Production Threshold
• Soft nuclear equation-of-state from heavy-ion data and implications for compact stars
• Subthreshold Xi- Production in Collisions of p(3.5 GeV)+Nb
• Sensitivity of neutron to proton ratio toward the high density behavior of symmetry energy in heavy-ion collisions
• Toward relativistic mean-field description of $\bar{\text{N}}$-nucleus reactions
• Strangeness production via resonances in heavy-ion collisions at SIS energies
• Strangeness Balance in HADES Experiments and the Xi- Enhancement
• Formation of exotic baryon clusters in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Associate K^0 production in p+p collisions at 3.5 GeV: The role of Delta(1232)++
• Coupling dynamical and statistical mechanisms for baryonic cluster production in nucleus collisions of intermediate and high energies
• Influence of $\varphi$ mesons on negative kaons in Ni+Ni collisions at 1.91A GeV beam energy
• Formation and dynamics of exotic hypernuclei in heavy-ion collisions
• Studies of the equation-of-state of nuclear matter by heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energy in the multi-messenger era
• Strange meson production in Al+Al collisions at 1.9A GeV
• Heavy baryonic resonances, multistrange hadrons, and equilibration at energies available at the GSI Schwerionensynchrotron, SIS18
• Dilepton Signature of a First-Order Phase Transition
• Comprehensive study of mass modifications of light mesons in nuclear matter in the three-flavor extended Linear Sigma Model
• Properties of strange vector mesons in dense and hot matter
• Nuclear in-medium and isospin effects on subthreshold kaon production in heavy-ion collisions
• The effect of Lorentz-like force on collective flows of K${}^{+}$ in Au+Au collisions at 1.5 GeV/nucleon}{The effect of Lorentz-like force on collective flows of $K^{+}$ in Au+Au collisions at 1.5 GeV/nucleon
• Inclusive Λ production in proton-proton collisions at 3.5 GeV
• Nuclear modification factor in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions
• Momentum dependent mean-fields of (anti)hyperons
• Particle Production in AgAg Collisions at $E_{\mathrm{Kin}}=1.58A$ GeV within a Hadronic Transport Approach
• Hyperon Dynamics in Heavy-ion Collisions near threshold energy
• Elliptic flow in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energy: the role of impact parameter, mean field potential, and collision term
• Exploring hybrid star matter at NICA and FAIR
• FRIGA, A New Approach To Identify Isotopes and Hypernuclei In N-Body Transport Models
• Simultaneous description of high density QCD matter in heavy ion collisions and neutron star observations
• Strange mesons in strong magnetic fields
• Medium effects in $\Lambda K^{+}$ pair production by 2.83 GeV protons on nuclei
• Chiral-partner D mesons in a heat bath within QCD sum rules
• Wide acceptance measurement of the K${}^{-}$/K${}^{+}$ ratio from Ni+Ni collisions at 1.91A GeV
• Centrality dependence of subthreshold $\varphi$ meson production in Ni+Ni collisions at 1.9A GeV
• Strange meson-baryon interaction in hot and dense medium: recent progress for a road to GSI/FAIR
• Multi-Strangeness Production in Hadron Induced Reactions
• Kaon pair production in proton-nucleus collisions at 2.83 GeV kinetic energy
• Complete Strangeness Measurements in Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Open Questions in the Understanding of Strangeness Production in HIC -- Experiment Perspective
• Strange and heavy mesons in hadronic matter
• Strangeness and hypernuclear production in fragmentation reactions induced by antikaons
• Nuclear medium effect on nuclear modification factor of protons and pions in intermediate-energy heavy ion collisions
• Examination of STAR fixed-target data on directed flow at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$ 3 and 4.5 GeV
• Dynamics of light hypernuclei in collisions of ${}^{197}$Au+${}^{197}$Au at GeV energies
• Spectral functions of strange vector mesons in asymmetric hyperonic matter
• Novel halos in light kaonic nuclei as an indicator of nuclear equation of state at supra-normal densities
• Medium effects in antikaon-induced ${\Xi }^{-}$ hyperon production on nuclei near threshold
• Dense Hadronic Matter in Neutron Stars
• High-density symmetry energy from subthreshold hyperon production in heavy-ion collisions
• Strangeness production and hypernuclear formation in proton and antiproton induced reactions
• Systematics of yields of strange hadrons from heavy-ion collisions around threshold energies
• Medium modification of strange hadronic resonances at SIS, RHIC and LHC energies
• Kaon production in the HADES experiment in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.4$ GeV
• Probing small neutron skin variations in isotope pairs by hyperon-antihyperon production in antiproton--nucleus interactions
• Measurement of Kaon Directed Flow in Au+Au Collisions in the High Baryon Density Region
• Multi-strange and charmed hadrons: A novel probe for the QCD equation of state at high baryon densities
• Recent progress on superstrange dynamics
• Antiproton production in heavy-ion collisions at subthreshold energies
• Light and heavy $\Lambda$ hyperclusters in nuclear matter with relativistic-mean-field models
• Probing of EoS with clusters and hypernuclei
• Strangeness production at finite temperature and baryon density in an effective relativistic mean field model
• Heavy Mesons in Nuclear Matter and Nuclei
• Strange mesons in nuclei and neutron stars
• Systematics of the chemical freeze-out line in the high baryon density regime explored at SIS100
• Strangeness and Charm in Nuclear Matter
• Transport Model Comparison Studies of Intermediate-Energy Heavy-Ion Collisions