Central Masses and Broad-Line Region Sizes of Active Galactic Nuclei: I. Comparing the Photoionization and Reverberation Techniques

Abstract

The masses and emission-line region sizes of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) can be measured by ``reverberation-mapping'' (measuring the lag of the emission-line luminosity after changes in the continuum). We use tis technique to calibrate similar size and mass estimates made by photoionization models of the AGN line-emitting regions. We compile a sample of 19 AGNs with reliable reverberation and spectroscopy data, twice the number available previously. The data provide strong evidence that the BLR size and the emission-line width measure directly the central mass. Two methods are used to estimate the distance of the broad emission-line region (BLR) from the ionizing source: the photoionization method (available for many AGNs but has large intrinsic uncertainties), and the reverberation method (gives very reliable distances, but available for only a few objects). The distance estimate is combined with the velocity dispersion, derived from the broad Hb line profile, to estimate the virial mass. Comparing the central masses calculated with the reverberation method to those calculated using a photoionization model, we find a highly significant, nearly linear correlation. This provides a calibration of the photoionization method on the objects with presently available reverberation data, which should enable mass estimates for all AGNs with measured Hb line width. Comparing the BLR sizes given by the two methods also enables us to estimate the ionizing EUV luminosity which is directly unobservable. We find it to be typically ten times the visible (monochromatic luminosity at 5100A). The inferred Eddington ratio of the individual objects in our sample are 0.001-0.03 (visible luminosity) and 0.01-0.3 (ionizing luminosity).

27 pages Latex, 8 figures. Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

References in corpus (2)

• Keplerian Motion of Broad-Line Region Gas as Evidence for Supermassive Black Holes in Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Black Hole to Bulge Mass Relation in Active Galactic Nuclei

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• The X-ray Power Spectral Density Function and Black Hole Mass Estimate for the Seyfert AGN IC 4329a
• Radiation pressure on dust explains the Low Ionized Broad Emission Lines in Active Galactic Nuclei
• First long-term optical spectro-photometric monitoring of a binary black hole candidate E1821+643: I. Variability of spectral lines and continuum
• Spectral Variability of a Sample of Extreme Variability Quasars and Implications for the MgII Broad-line Region
• Recurrence of the blue wing enhancements in the high ionization lines of SDSS 1004+4112 A
• Chandra high resolution spectroscopy of the circumnuclear matter in the Broad Line Radio Galaxy 3C445
• A deep X-ray view of the bare AGN Ark 120. I. Revealing the Soft X-ray Line Emission
• Active Galactic Nuclei with Ultra-fast Outflows Monitoring Project: The Broad-line Region of Mrk 79 as a Disk Wind
• The CaFe Project: Optical Fe II and Near-Infrared Ca II triplet emission in active galaxies: (I) Photoionization modelling
• Determination of the properties of the central engine in microlensed QSOs
• A new method to measure the virial factors in the reverberation mapping of AGNs
• Broad line region and black hole mass of PKS 1510-089 from spectroscopic reverberation mapping
• On the Baldwin Effect in Active Galactic Nuclei: I. The Continuum-Spectrum - Mass Relationship
• Supermassive Black Holes in the Early Universe
• On black hole masses, radio-loudness and bulge luminosities of Seyfert galaxies
• Determination of the size of the dust torus in H0507+164 through optical and infrared monitoring
• Calibrating Mg II-based black-hole mass estimators using Low-to-High-Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei
• Gravitational Redshift of Emission Lines in the AGN Spectra
• The origin of optical emission from super-Eddington accreting Active Galactic Nuclei: the case of Ton S 180
• The radio loud narrow-line quasar SDSSJ172206.03+565451.6
• The near-infrared radius-luminosity relationship for active galactic nuclei
• Modelling photometric reverberation data -- a disk-like broad-line region and a potentially larger black hole mass for 3C120
• Weighing black holes with warm absorbers
• Reaching the Peak of the quasar spectral energy distribution - II. Exploring the accretion disc, dusty torus and host galaxy
• Simultaneous EUV and X-ray variability of NGC 4051
• The influence of gravitational lensing on the spectra of lensed QSOs
• Reverberation Mapping of the Intermediate Mass Nuclear Black Hole in SDSS J114008.71+030711.4
• The estimate of emission region locations of {\it Fermi} FSRQs
• Accretion disks, quasars and cosmology: meandering towards understanding
• Host Galaxies of z=4 Quasars
• Variability of Moderate Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei at z=0.36
• The complex iron line in NGC 7469 observed by BeppoSAX
• The Formation and Evolution of the First Massive Black Holes
• Dynamics of the Lyman alpha and C IV emitting gas in 3C 273
• A new method to obtain the Broad Line Region size of high redshift quasars
• High Eddington quasars as discovery tools: current state and challenges
• Black Hole Mass Estimation: How good is the virial estimate?
• Time Series Analysis of Active Galactic Nuclei: The case of Arp 102B, 3C 390.3, NGC 5548 and NGC 4051
• Spectral optical monitoring of a double-peaked emission line AGN Arp 102B: I. Variability of spectral lines and continuum
• A possible line-like emission feature at 8 keV in the Seyfert 1.2 UGC 3973
• Estimation of relativistic accretion disk parameters from iron line emission
• The Formation of Broad Line Clouds in the Accretion Shocks of Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Kinematics of Quasar Broad Emission Line Regions Using a Disk-wind Model
• Kinematic signatures of reverberation mapping of close binaries of supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei. II. Atlas of two-dimensional transfer functions
• Soft X-Ray Excess from Shocked Accreting Plasma in Active Galactic Nuclei
• Relation between radio core length and black hole mass for active galactic nuclei
• On the Relationship Between the Optical Emission-Line and X-ray Luminosities in Seyfert 1 Galaxies
• SALT long-slit spectroscopy of LBQS 2113-4538: variability of the Mg II and Fe II component
• The Extreme Red Excess in Blazar Ultraviolet Broad Emission Lines
• Systematically smaller single-epoch quasar black hole masses using a radius-luminosity relationship corrected for spectral bias
• Relation between the variations in the MgII $\lambda 2798$ emission-line and the 3000 Å continuum
• The Effect of Variability on the Estimation of Quasar Black Hole Masses
• Limits on luminosity and mass accretion rate of a radiation pressure dominated accretion disc
• High-redshift quasar host galaxies with adaptive optics
• SALT long-slit spectroscopy of CTS C30.10: two-component Mg II line
• Characterization of a sample of intermediate-type AGN. I. Spectroscopic properties and serendipitous discovery of new Dual AGN
• Virilization of the Broad Line Region in Active Galactic Nuclei - connection between shifts and widths of broad emission lines
• Quasar variability limits on cosmological density of cosmic strings
• The relation between black hole masses and Lorentz factors of the jet components in blazars
• The optical emission line spectrum of Mark 110
• UV spectral diagnostics for low redshift quasars: estimating physical conditions and radius of the Broad Line Region
• Constraints on the location of the gamma-ray emission region for the gamma-ray-loud radio source GB 1310+487
• The size of BLRs of low luminous Active Galactic Nuclei
• A catalog of quasar properties from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey
• A Limit Relation between Black Hole Mass and H$\beta$ Width: Testing Super-Eddington Accretion in Active Galactic Nuclei
• Energy-dependent variability of the bare Seyfert 1 galaxy Ark 120
• On the emission lines in active galactic nuclei with relativistic jets
• Shedding New Light on Weak Emission-Line Quasars in the C${}_{\mathrm{IV}}$-H$\beta$ Parameter Space
• Dusty plasma in active galactic nuclei
• Estimation of the size and structure of the broad line region using Bayesian approach
• Reverberation Mapping of PG 0934+013 with the Southern African Large Telescope
• Timescales of Soft X-Ray Variability and Physical Constraints in Agns
• Markarian 421's Unusual Satellite Galaxy
• Spectral variability of the 3C 390.3 nucleus for more than twenty years. I. Variability of the broad and narrow emission-line fluxes
• Wavelength-resolved Reverberation Mapping of quasar CTSC30.10: Dissecting MgII and FeII emission regions
• Locating positions of γ-ray--emitting regions in blazars
• The H$\alpha$ broadband photometric reverberation mapping of four Seyfert 1 galaxies
• Black Hole Fundamental Plane in Low-Excitation Radio Galaxies
• Estimating black hole masses: Accretion disk fitting versus reverberation mapping and single epoch
• Dust Reverberation Mapping of Z229-15
• Non-Thermal Emission from AGN Coronae
• The black hole mass versus velocity dispersion relation in QSOs/Active Galactic Nuclei: observational appearance and black hole growth
• The sizes of BLRs and BH masses of double-peaked broad low-ionization emission line objects
• Variability of NGC 4051 and the Nature of Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies
• Spectroscopic reverberation mapping of Quasar PKS 0736+017: Broad-Line Region and Black-hole Mass
• Type 1 Active Galactic Nucleus Fraction in SDSS/FIRST Survey
• Black hole virial masses from single-epoch photometry: the miniJPAS test case
• Correlation between Line Width and Line Flux of Double-Peaked Broad Halpha of 3C390.3
• Constraining broad-line regions from time lags of broad emission lines relative to radio emission
• Differential Interferometric Signatures of Close Binaries of Supermassive Black Holes in Active Galactic Nuclei: II. Merged Broad Line Regions
• Toward Precision Measurement of Central Black Hole Masses
• A Spectroscopic and Photometric Study of Short-Timescale Variability in NGC5548
• Characterising SMSS J2157--3602, the most luminous known quasar, with accretion disc models
• Short time-scale optical variability of the dwarf Seyfert nucleus in NGC 4395
• Properties of radio-loud quasars in Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• Stacked reverberation lags at high redshift
• Radio/X-Ray Luminosity Relation for X-Ray Bright Galactic Nuclei: Implications on Weighing Supermassive Black Hole
• SALT long-slit spectroscopy of HE 0435-4312: fast displacement in the Mg II emission line
• Black Holes and Host Galaxies of NLS1s
• High-$z$ Universe probed via Lensing by QSOs (HULQ) I. Number Estimates of QSO-QSO and QSO-Galaxy Lenses
• Spectral variability studies in Active Galactic Nuclei: Exploring continuum and emission line regions in the age of LSST and JWST
• Spectropolarimetric measurements of hidden broad lines in nearby megamaser galaxies: a lack of clear evidence for a correlation between black hole masses and virial products
• Revealing the structure of the lensed quasar Q 0957+561: III. SMBH mass via gravitational redshift
• Evidence for anisotropic motion of the clouds in broad-line regions of BL Lacertae objects
• Composite reverberation mapping
• The Performance of Photometric Reverberation Mapping at High Redshift and the Reliability of Damped Random Walk Models
• Spatially Resolved Spectroscopic Study of nearby Seyfert Galaxies: Implications for a Population of "Missed" Seyferts at High-$\text{z}$
• A possible bias on the estimate of Lbol/Ledd in AGN as a function of luminosity and redshift
• Quasar Host Galaxies and the $M_{SMBH}$ - ${\sigma }_{\ast }$ Relation
• High frequency breaks in optical active galactic nuclei power spectral density
• Echo Tomography of Black Hole Accretion Flows
• Gravitational microlensing of quasar Broad Line Regions: the influence of fractal structures
• Relativistic Reflection Modeling in AGN and Related Variability from PCA: A Brief Review
• JWST's PEARLS: A z=6 quasar in a train-wreck galaxy merger system
• Study of the optical to X-ray broad emission lines of Mrk 110
• Searching for Low-Redshift Hot Dust-Obscured Galaxies
• On reverberation and cross-correlation estimates of the size of the broad-line region in active galactic nuclei
• Black Hole masses for 14 gravitational lensed quasars
• Uncertainty Quantification of the Virial Black Hole Mass with Conformal Prediction
• partly obscured accretion disk model to explain Shifted broad Balmer emission lines of Active Galactic Nuclei
• HALO I: Photometric continuum reverberation mapping of Fairall 9
• Polarimetric Reverberation Mapping in Medium-Band Filters
• A New Model for the Width of the Broad Emission Lines in AGN: The Role of the Accretion Rate
• Stellar Envelopes as Sources of Broad Line Region Emission: New Possibilities Allowed
• Prospects for Measuring the Mass of Black Holes at High Redshifts with Resolved Kinematics Using Gravitational Lensing
• The Galaxy Activity, Torus, and Outflow Survey (GATOS). Black hole mass estimation using machine learning
• A STIS Atlas of CaII Triplet Absorption Line Kinematics in Galactic Nuclei
• First Detection of 12CO (1--0) Emission from Two Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies
• The properties of optical FeII emission lines of AGN with double-peaked broad emission lines
• Exploring the quasar disc-wind-jet connection with LoTSS and SDSS
• The broad band SEDs of four 'hypervariable' AGN
• Data-driven dissection of emission-line regions in Seyfert galaxies
• The Narrow Line Region properties of ESO138-G001 unveiled by SOAR/SIFS observations
• The Relation between the Inclinations of Broad Line Regions and the Accretion Disk
• Line Shapes Emitted from Spiral Structures around Symmetric Orbits of Supermassive Binary Black Holes
• Precision near-IR spectroscopy for understanding AGN physics and shed light on the H0 tension -- SHARP Science Book
• Application of the space-based optical interferometer towards measuring cosmological distances of quasars
• Dusty origin of the Broad Line Region in active galaxies
• Serendipitous Discovery of Warm Absorbers in the Seyfert 2 Galaxy IRAS 18325-5926