Changes in the X-ray Emission from the Magnetar Candidate 1E 2259+586 during its 2002 Outburst

Abstract

(abridged) An outburst of more than 80 individual bursts, similar to those seen from Soft Gamma Repeaters (SGRs), was detected from the Anomalous X-ray Pulsar (AXP) 1E 2259+586 in 2002 June. Coincident with this burst activity were gross changes in the pulsed flux, persistent flux, energy spectrum, pulse profile and spin down of the underlying X-ray source. We present RXTE and XMM-Newton observations of 1E 2259+586 that show the evolution of the aforementioned source parameters during and following this episode. Specifically, we observe an X-ray flux increase by more than an order of magnitude having two distinct components. The first component is linked to the burst activity and decays within ~2 days during which the energy spectrum is considerably harder than during the quiescent state of the source. The second component decays over the year following the glitch according to a power law in time with an exponent -0.22 +/- 0.01. The pulsed fraction decreased initially to ~15% RMS, and the pulse profile changed significantly during the outburst. A glitch was observed in 1E 2259+586 that preceded the observed burst activity. A fraction of the glitch (~19%) recovered, although the recovery was not purely exponential. An exponential rise of ~20% of the frequency jump with a time scale of ~14 days results in a significantly better fit to the data, however, contamination from a systematic drift in the phase of the pulse profile cannot be excluded. The long-term post-glitch spin-down rate decreased in magnitude relative to the pre-glitch value. A comparison with SGR outburst properties, a physical interpretation of the results, and implications on the number of magnetar candidates in our Galaxy are discussed.

Accepted for publication in ApJ. 51 pages and 13 figures. Figure 1 is modified significantly. Several other minor changes made to the text

References in corpus (43)

• The European Photon Imaging Camera on XMM-Newton: The MOS Cameras
• Electrodynamics of Magnetars: Implications for the Persistent X-ray Emission and Spindown of the Soft Gamma Repeaters and Anomalous X-ray Pulsars
• Pulsar Constraints on Neutron Star Structure and Equation of State
• The Giant Flare of 1998 August 27 from SGR 1900+14: II. Radiative Mechanism and Physical Constraints on the Source
• A Major SGR-like Outburst and Rotation Glitch in the No-Longer-So-Anomalous X-ray Pulsar 1E 2259+586
• Magnetar-like X-ray Bursts from an Anomalous X-ray Pulsar
• Magnetar Spin-Down
• Statistical properties of SGR 1900+14 bursts
• The Giant Flare of 1998 August 27 from SGR 1900+14: I. An Interpretive Study of BeppoSAX and Ulysses Observations
• Discovery of a New Soft Gamma Repeater, SGR 1627-41
• Glitches in Southern Pulsars
• Physical Mechanisms for the Variable Spin-down of SGR 1900+14
• Long-Term RXTE Monitoring of Anomalous X-ray Pulsars
• Evidence for a Sudden Magnetic Field Reconfiguration in SGR 1900+14
• Variable Spin-down in the Soft Gamma Repeater SGR 1900+14 and Correlations with Burst Activity
• Surface Emission Properties of Strongly Magnetic Neutron Stars
• Precision Timing of Two Anomalous X-Ray Pulsars
• The Discovery of an Embedded Cluster of High-Mass Stars Near SGR 1900+14
• Observations of a Series of Six Recent Glitches in the Crab Pulsar
• Temporal and Spectral Characteristics of Short Bursts from the Soft Gamma Repeaters 1806-20 and 1900+14
• Large Torque Variations in Two Soft Gamma Repeaters
• Thermally-driven Neutron Star Glitches
• Diagnosing magnetars with transient cooling
• The Crustal Rigidity of a Neutron Star, and Implications for PSR 1828-11 and other Precession Candidates
• A Glitch in an Anomalous X-ray Pulsar
• An Unusual Burst from Soft Gamma Repeater SGR 1900+14: Comparisons with Giant Flares and Implications for the Magnetar Model
• Unraveling the cooling trend of the Soft Gamma Repeater, SGR 1627-41
• The Distance to the Soft Gamma Repeater SGR 1627-41
• Long-Term RXTE Monitoring of the Anomalous X-ray Pulsar 1E 1048.1-5937
• Chandra Observations of the Anomalous X-ray Pulsar 1E 2259+58.6
• Correlations Between Spectral Properties and Spin-Down Rate in Soft Gamma-Ray Repeaters and Anomalous X-ray Pulsars
• A Second Glitch from the "Anomalous" X-ray Pulsar 1RXS J170849.0-4000910
• Anomalous X-ray Pulsars and Soft gamma-ray Repeaters: Spectral Fits and the Magnetar Model
• Timing Noise in SGR 1806-20
• The distance to the SNR CTB109 deduced from its environment
• Precession of Isolated Neutron Stars II: Magnetic Fields and Type II Superconductivity
• An Extended Burst Tail from SGR 1900+14 with a Thermal X-ray Spectrum
• Constraints on Thermal Emission Models of Anomalous X-ray Pulsars
• Are We Seeing Magnetic Axis Reorientation in the Crab and Vela Pulsars?
• Do magnetars glitch? : Timing irregularities in anomalous X-ray pulsars
• The 2001 April Burst Activation of SGR 1900+14: X-ray afterglow emission
• BeppoSAX observations of the young pulsar in the Kes 75 Supernova Remnant
• A Comprehensive Study of Pulse Profile Evolution in SGR 1806-20 & SGR 1900+14 with the RXTE PCA

Cited by in corpus (143)

• Magnetars
• The strongest cosmic magnets: Soft Gamma-ray Repeaters and Anomalous X-ray Pulsars
• A study of 315 glitches in the rotation of 102 pulsars
• Magnetars: the physics behind observations
• Magnetars: Properties, Origin and Evolution
• Magnetar-like Emission from the Young Pulsar in Kes 75
• Discovery of luminous pulsed hard X-ray emission from anomalous X-ray pulsars 1RXS J1708-4009, 4U 0142+61 and 1E 2259+586 by INTEGRAL and RXTE
• Detection of 107 glitches in 36 southern pulsars
• A new low magnetic field magnetar: the 2011 outburst of Swift J1822.3-1606
• Systematic study of magnetar outbursts
• 16 Years of RXTE Monitoring of Five Anomalous X-ray Pulsars
• Thermochemistry and Photochemistry in Cooler Hydrogen Dominated Extrasolar Planets: The Case of GJ436b
• The Prelude to and Aftermath of the Giant Flare of 2004 December 27: Persistent and Pulsed X-ray Properties of SGR 1806-20 from 1993 to 2005
• A Swift gaze into the 2006 March 29th burst forest of SGR 1900+14
• Distances to Anomalous X-ray Pulsars using Red Clump Stars
• High Energy Emission from Magnetars
• Magnetar outbursts: an observational review
• Surface Emission from Neutron Stars and Implications for the Physics of their Interiors
• Resonant cyclotron scattering in magnetars' emission
• A Comprehensive Study of the X-ray Bursts from the Magnetar Candidate 1E 2259+586
• Resonant Cyclotron Scattering in Three Dimensions and the Quiescent Non-thermal X-ray Emission of Magnetars
• The first outburst of the new magnetar candidate SGR 0501+4516
• SGR J1550-5418 bursts detected with the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor during its most prolific activity
• Fifteen years of XMM-Newton and Chandra monitoring of Sgr A*: Evidence for a recent increase in the bright flaring rate
• Recent Progress on Anomalous X-ray Pulsars
• INTEGRAL survey of the Cassiopeia region in hard X rays
• Modeling magnetar outbursts: Flux enhancements and the connection with short bursts and glitches
• X-ray Bursts from the Transient Magnetar Candidate XTE J1810-197
• X-ray and radio observations of the magnetar SGR J1935+2154 during its 2014, 2015, and 2016 outbursts
• Magnetars vs. high magnetic field pulsars: a theoretical interpretation of the apparent dichotomy
• The NICER View of the 2020 Burst Storm and Persistent Emission of SGR 1935+2154
• The Post-Burst Awakening of the Anomalous X-ray Pulsar in Westerlund 1
• SGRs and AXPs as rotation powered massive white dwarfs
• Anomalous X-ray Pulsar 1E 1048.1-5937: Pulsed Flux Flares and Large Torque Variations
• Outburst of the 2 s Anomalous X-ray Pulsar 1E 1547.0-5408
• RXTE Monitoring of the Anomalous X-ray Pulsar 1E 1048.1-5937: Long-Term Variability and the 2007 March Event
• Timing and Flux Evolution of the Galactic Center Magnetar SGR J1745-2900
• A magnetar-like event from LS I +61 303 and its nature as a gamma-ray binary
• Post-outburst X-ray flux and timing evolution of Swift J1822.3-1606
• XMM-Newton observations of the Galactic Supernova Remnant CTB 109 (G109.1-1.0)
• Exciting the Magnetosphere of the Magnetar CXOU J164710.2-455216 in Westerlund 1
• Magnetar Broadband X-ray Spectra Correlated with Magnetic Fields: Suzaku Archive of SGRs and AXPs Combined with NuSTAR, Swift, and RXTE
• Fading of the Transient Anomalous X-ray Pulsar XTE J1810-197
• Three XMM-Newton observations of the Anomalous X-ray Pulsar 1E 1048.1-5937: long term variations in spectrum and pulsed fraction
• The 2009 outburst of magnetar 1E 1547-5408: Persistent radiative and burst properties
• Post-glitch variability in the Anomalous X-ray Pulsar 1RXS J170849.0-400910
• Detection of pulsations and a spectral feature in the X-ray emission of the isolated neutron star 1RXS J214303.7+065419/RBS 1774
• Magnetars: a short review and some sparse considerations
• X-ray spectra from magnetar candidates - III. Fitting SGRs/AXPs soft X-ray emission with non-relativistic Monte Carlo models
• The 2008 May burst activation of SGR 1627-41
• Magnetars as cooling neutron stars with internal heating
• Global Crustal Dynamics of Magnetars in Relation to their Bright X-ray Outbursts
• From outburst to quiescence: the decay of the transient Anomalous X-ray Pulsar XTE J1810-197
• X-ray and Near-IR Variability of the Anomalous X-ray Pulsar 1E 1048.1-5937: From Quiescence Back to Activity
• Timing behavior of the Magnetically Active Rotation-Powered Pulsar in the Supernova Remnant Kestevan 75
• Evidence for the magnetar nature of 1E 161348-5055 in RCW 103
• Unusual Pulsed X-ray Emission from the Young, High Magnetic Field Pulsar PSR J1119-6127
• The superflares of soft Gamma-ray repeatres: giant quakes in solid quark stars?
• Magnetar-like X-ray Bursts from a Rotation Powered Pulsar, PSR J1119-6127
• Correlated Infrared and X-ray Flux Changes Following the 2002 June Outburst of the Anomalous X-ray Pulsar 1E 2259+586
• The X-Ray Polarization Signature of Quiescent Magnetars: Effect of Magnetospheric Scattering and Vacuum Polarization
• The long-term post-outburst spin down and flux relaxation of magnetar Swift J1822.3$-$1606
• Extinction Columns and Intrinsic X-ray Spectra of the Anomalous X-ray Pulsars
• Heating and cooling of magnetars with accreted envelopes
• The 2006-2007 Active Phase of Anomalous X-ray Pulsar 4U 0142+61: Radiative and Timing Changes, Bursts, and Burst Spectral Features
• A QED Model for the Origin of Bursts from SGRs and AXPs
• Two types of glitches in a solid quark star model
• Infrared and X-ray variability of the transient Anomalous X-ray Pulsar XTE J1810-197
• Pronounced long term flux variability of the Anomalous X-ray Pulsar 1E1048.1-5937
• Sign of hard X-ray pulsation from the gamma-ray binary system LS 5039
• Very deep X-ray observations of the Anomalous X-ray Pulsar 4U 0142+614
• Electrodynamics of Magnetars III: Pair Creation Processes in an Ultrastrong Magnetic Field and Particle Heating in a Dynamic Magnetosphere
• Broad band X-ray spectra of short bursts from SGR 1900+14
• Chandra and RXTE Observations of 1E 1547.0-5408: Comparing the 2008 and 2009 Outbursts
• XMM-Newton observations of CXOU J010043.1-721134: the first deep look at the soft X-ray emission of a magnetar
• Burst and Persistent Emission Properties during the Recent Active Episode of the Anomalous X-ray Pulsar 1E 1841-045
• On the X-ray Spectra of Anomalous X-ray Pulsars and Soft Gamma Repeaters
• Fermi-LAT Observations and A Broadband Study of Supernova Remnant CTB 109
• Repeated, Delayed Torque Variations Following X-ray Flux Enhancements in the Magnetar 1E1048.1$-$5937
• Chandra Observations of the High-Magnetic-Field Radio Pulsar J1718-3718
• Pulsars and magnetars
• NuSTAR Observations of the Magnetar 1E 2259+586
• Temporal and spectral evolution in X- and gamma-rays of magnetar 1E 1547.0-5408 since its October 2008 outburst: the discovery of a transient hard pulsed component after its January 2009 outburst
• Optical and Infrared Emission from the AXPs and SGRs
• Glitch recoveries in radio-pulsars and magnetars
• A Search for New Galactic Magnetars in Archival Chandra and XMM-Newton Observations
• Long-term X-ray changes in the emission from the anomalous X-ray pulsar 4U 0142+61
• Spectral and timing properties of the magnetar CXOU~J164710.2-455216
• Magnetic Dipole Moment of SGRs and AXPs Described as Massive and Magnetic White Dwarfs
• Anti-glitch induced by collision of a solid body with the magnetar 1E 2259+586
• A Burst and Simultaneous Short-Term Pulsed Flux Enhancement from the Magnetar Candidate 1E 1048.1-5937
• Intensity-hardness correlation and deep infrared observation of the anomalous X-ray pulsar 1RXS J170849-400910
• A glitch and an anti-glitch in the anomalous X-ray pulsar 1E 1841-045
• XMM-Newton observations of SGR 1806-20 over seven years following the 2004 Giant Flare
• Kinematics of the Galactic SNR G109.1-1.0 (CTB 109)
• The calm after the storm: XMM-Newton observation of SGR 1806-20 two months after the Giant Flare of 2004 December 27
• Chandra observations of SGR 1627-41 near quiescence
• The imprint of the crustal magnetic field on the thermal spectra and pulse profiles of isolated neutron stars
• Chandra and XMM-Newton Observations of the Vela-like Pulsar B1046-58
• Pulse Peak Migration during the Outburst Decay of the Magnetar SGR 1830-0645: Crustal Motion and Magnetospheric Untwisting
• SGR 0418+5729, Swift J1822.3-1606, and 1E 2259+586 as massive fast rotating highly magnetized white dwarfs
• Dense Matter in Neutron Stars with eXTP
• X-Ray and Infrared Enhancement of Anomalous X-ray Pulsar 1E 2259+58
• Five years of SGR 1900+14 observations with BeppoSAX
• Uniting the Quiescent Emission and Burst Spectra of Magnetar Candidates
• VLT/NACO observations of the High-Magnetic field radio pulsar PSR J1119-6127
• Swift observations of two outbursts from the magnetar 4U 0142+61
• Pair Plasma in Super-QED Magnetic Fields and the Hard X-ray/Optical Emission of Magnetars
• The 2022 high-energy outburst and radio disappearing act of the magnetar 1E 1547.0-5408
• Magnetars: Structure and evolution from p-star models
• The 2006 Outburst of the Magnetar CXOU J164710.2-455216
• Deep Searches for Radio Pulsations and Bursts from Four Southern Anomalous X-ray Pulsars
• Thermal X-ray emission from massive, fast rotating, highly magnetized white dwarfs
• Black Hole Discharge: very-high-energy gamma rays from black hole-neutron star mergers
• Observations of the magnetars 4U 0142+61 and 1E 2259+586 with the MAGIC telescopes
• On the X-ray variability of magnetar 1RXS J170849.0-400910
• Radiative Column and Light Curve of X-Ray Binary Pulsars
• Near-infrared observations of Rotating Radio Transients
• Detailed X-ray spectroscopy of the magnetar 1E 2259+586
• Searching for X-ray Variability in the Glitching Anomalous X-ray Pulsar 1E 1841-045 in Kes 73
• Activated Magnetospheres of Magnetars
• Long Term Radiative Behavior of SGR 1900+14
• Revisiting the post-glitch relaxation of the 2000 Vela glitch with the neutron star equation of states in the Brueckner and relativistic Brueckner theories
• High Frequency Radio Observations of Two Magnetars, PSR J1622$-$4950 and 1E 1547.0$-$5408
• Radio Emission of Pulsars. I. Slow Tearing of a Quantizing Magnetic Field
• Constraints on fall-back disks in radio pulsars and anomalous X-ray pulsars
• A multi-wavelength study of PSR J1119$-$6127 after 2016 outburst
• Evidence for a Binary Companion to the Central Compact Object 1E 1207.4-5209
• On the connection between radiative outbursts and timing irregularities in magnetars
• X-ray Perspective of the Twisted Magnetospheres of Magnetars
• X-ray burst and persistent emission properties of the magnetar SGR 1830-0645 in outburst
• Long-Term Timing and Glitch Characteristics of Anomalous X-ray Pulsar 1RXS J170849.0-400910
• Model on pulsed GeV radiation from magnetars
• "Anti-glitches" in the Quark-Nova model for AXPs
• Long-term XMM-Newton view of magnetar CXOU J010043.1$-$721134: Comprehensive spectral and temporal results
• The Swift Discovery of X-ray Afterglows Accompanying Short Bursts from SGR 1900+14
• Near-infrared follow-up to the May 2008 activation of SGR 1627-41
• Mapping the Surface of the Magnetar 1E 1048.1-5937 in Outburst and Quiescence Through Phase Resolved X-ray Spectroscopy
• The Northern Cross Fast Radio Burst project: V. Search for transient radio emission from Galactic magnetars
• Soft gamma repeaters activity in time
• A month of monitoring the new magnetar Swift J1555.2-5402 during an X-ray outburst
• Light Curves of Swift Gamma Ray Bursts
• The Broad-band Noise Characteristics of Selected Anomalous X-Ray Pulsars and Soft Gamma-ray Repeaters