Massive quantum systems as interfaces of quantum mechanics and gravity
arXiv:2311.09218 · doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.97.015003
Abstract
The traditional view from particle physics is that quantum gravity effects should only become detectable at extremely high energies and small length scales. Due to the significant technological challenges involved, there has been limited progress in identifying experimentally detectable effects that can be accessed in the foreseeable future. However, in recent decades, the size and mass of quantum systems that can be controlled in the laboratory have reached unprecedented scales, enabled by advances in ground-state cooling and quantum-control techniques. Preparations of massive systems in quantum states pave the way for the explorations of a low-energy regime in which gravity can be both sourced and probed by quantum systems. Such approaches constitute an increasingly viable alternative to accelerator-based, laser-interferometric, torsion-balance, and cosmological tests of gravity. In this review, we provide an overview of proposals where massive quantum systems act as interfaces between quantum mechanics and gravity. We discuss conceptual difficulties in the theoretical description of quantum systems in the presence of gravity, review tools for modeling massive quantum systems in the laboratory, and provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art experimental landscape. Proposals covered in this review include, among others, precision tests of gravity, tests of gravitationally-induced wavefunction collapse and decoherence, as well as gravitymediated entanglement. We conclude the review with an outlook and summary of the key questions raised.
81 pages, 11 figures. Manuscript accepted at Reviews of Modern Physics. Comments welcome!
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- A method to measure the resonance transitions between the gravitationally bound quantum states of neutrons in the GRANIT spectrometer
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- A Search for deviations from the inverse square law of gravity at nm range using a pulsed neutron beam
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- What gravity mediated entanglement can really tell us about quantum gravity
- Search for non-Newtonian interactions at micrometer scale with a levitated test mass
- Catapulting towards massive and large spatial quantum superposition
- Mesoscopic Interference for Metric and Curvature (MIMAC) & Gravitational Wave Detection
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- Detecting continuous gravitational waves with superfluid He
- Quantum test of the Universality of Free Fall using rubidium and potassium
- Bounds on GUP parameters from GW150914 and GW190521
- Prospects for observing gravitational forces between nonclassical mechanical oscillators
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- Quadrature nonreciprocity: unidirectional bosonic transmission without breaking time-reversal symmetry
- Toward Quantum-Limited Position Measurements Using Optically Levitated Microspheres
- Modified commutators are not sufficient to determine a quantum gravity minimal length scale
- Quantum state preparation of a mechanical resonator using an optomechanical geometric phase
- Stochastic modification of the Schrodinger-Newton equation
- Quantum entanglement of masses with non-local gravitational interaction
- Quantum electromechanics with levitated nanoparticles
- Superconducting microsphere magnetically levitated in an anharmonic potential with integrated magnetic readout
- Growing macroscopic superposition states via cavity quantum optomechanics
- Ultra-precision quantum sensing and measurement based on nonlinear hybrid optomechanical systems containing ultracold atoms or atomic Bose-Einstein condensate
- Cavity optomechanics assisted by optical coherent feedback
- Generation of mechanical interference fringes by multi-photon counting
- Gravitational Decoherence: A Thematic Overview
- Towards Quantum Superpositions of a Mirror: an Exact Open Systems Analysis - Calculational Details
- Mass-independent scheme for enhancing spatial quantum superpositions
- Firewalls vs. Scrambling
- Quantum Langevin equations for optomechanical systems
- Nonequilibrium control of thermal and mechanical changes in a levitated system
- Observer-dependent locality of quantum events
- Gravitational decoherence of photons
- Relaxation of experimental parameters in a Quantum-Gravity Induced Entanglement of Masses Protocol using electromagnetic screening
- Optical coherent feedback control of a mechanical oscillator
- Quantum Gravitational Sensor for Space Debris
- Generating mechanical and optomechanical entanglement via pulsed interaction and measurement
- Testing quantum superpositions of the gravitational field with Bose-Einstein condensates
- Superconducting electro-mechanics to test Diósi-Penrose effects of general relativity in massive superpositions
- Optimal estimation of time-dependent gravitational fields with quantum optomechanical systems
- Non-classical state generation in macroscopic systems via hybrid discrete-continuous quantum measurements
- Entangling Pairs of Nano-Cantilevers, Cooper-Pair Boxes and Mesoscopic Teleportation
- A Simple Test of the Equivalence Principle(s) for Quantum Superpositions
- Quantum signature of a squeezed mechanical oscillator
- Master-equation treatment of nonlinear optomechanical systems with optical loss
- Quantum nondemolition measurement of mechanical motion quanta
- Two-mode Schrödinger-cat states with nonlinear optomechanics: generation and verification of non-Gaussian mechanical entanglement
- Long Spin Coherence and Relaxation Times in Nanodiamonds Milled from Polycrystalline C Diamond
- Macroscopicity of quantum mechanical superposition tests via hypothesis falsification
- Spin dynamical decoupling for generating macroscopic superpositions of a free-falling nanodiamond
- Testing the nonclassicality of spacetime: what can we learn from Bell-Bose et al.-Marletto-Vedral experiments?
- Quest for quantum superpositions of a mirror: high and moderately low temperatures
- Crucial tests of macrorealist and semi-classical gravity models with freely falling mesoscopic nanospheres
- Large spatial Schrodinger cat using a levitated ferrimagnetic nanoparticle
- Large-momentum-transfer atom interferometers with rad-accuracy using Bragg diffraction
- Fisher information as a probe of spacetime structure: Relativistic quantum metrology in (A)dS
- Testing Generalised Uncertainty Principles through Quantum Noise
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- Internal decoherence in nano-object interferometry due to phonons
- Enhanced continuous generation of non-Gaussianity through optomechanical modulation
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- Measurement of single nanoparticle anisotropy by laser induced optical alignment and Rayleigh scattering for determining particle morphology
- Quantum magnetomechanics: towards the ultra-strong coupling regime
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- Probing the generalized uncertainty principle through quantum noises in optomechanical systems
- Environmental gravitational decoherence and a tensor noise model
- Stationary quantum entanglement between a massive mechanical membrane and a low frequency LC circuit
- Nanomechanical test of quantum linearity
- Testing Dissipative Collapse Models with a Levitated Micromagnet
- Dynamical response of Bose-Einstein condensates to oscillating gravitational fields
- Quantum coherence, radiance, and resistance of gravitational systems
- Dynamical Casimir effect in curved spacetime
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- Optomechanical damping basis
- Quantum simulation of dark energy candidates
- Preparation and Verification of Two-Mode Mechanical Entanglement Through Pulsed Optomechanical Measurements
- Quantum-enhanced screened dark energy detection
- Requirements on Quantum Superpositions of Macro-Objects for Sensing Neutrinos
- A Little Excitement Across the Horizon
- Searching for Chameleon Dark Energy with Mechanical Systems
- Spontaneous entanglement leakage of two static entangled Unruh-DeWitt detectors
- Coherent feedback in optomechanical systems in the sideband-unresolved regime
- Loss of coherence and coherence protection from a graviton bath
- Detecting the effects of quantum gravity with exceptional points in optomechanical sensors
- Optimal Fidelity Witnesses for Gravitational Entanglement
- On the decoherence effect of a stochastic gravitational perturbation on scalar matter and the possibility of its interferometric detection
- Improved constraints on minimum length models with a macroscopic low loss phonon cavity
- Confirmation of stimulated Hawking radiation, but not of black hole lasing
- Thermodynamics of relativistic quantum fields confined in cavities
- On the origin of force sensitivity in tests of quantum gravity with delocalised mechanical systems
- Fast feedback control of mechanical motion using circuit optomechanics
- Quantum Parameter Estimation in the Unruh-DeWitt detector model
- Atom interferometers in weakly curved spacetimes using Bragg diffraction and Bloch oscillations
- Optomechanical quantum entanglement mediated by acoustic phonon fields
- Signatures of Quantum Gravity in the Gravitational Self-Interaction of Photons
- Heralded entangled coherent states between spatially separated massive resonators
- Coherently amplifying photon production from vacuum with a dense cloud of accelerating photodetectors
- On tests of the quantum nature of gravitational interactions in presence of non-linear corrections to quantum mechanics
- Light, matter, and quantum randomness generation: A relativistic quantum information perspective
- Kaluza--Klein gravity & cosmology emerging from G. Perelman's entropy functionals and quantum geometric information flows
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- Classical theories of gravity produce entanglement
- Magnon squeezing in the quantum regime
- The Diósi-Penrose model of classical gravity predicts gravitationally induced entanglement
- Probing curved spacetime with a distributed atomic processor clock
- Large amplitude mechanical coherent states and detection of weak nonlinearities in cavity optomechanics
- Toward Axion Signal Extraction in Semiconductor Spin Qubits Via Spectral Engineering
- On the role of symmetry and geometry in global quantum sensing
- Entanglement and squeezing of gravitational waves
- Cavity Optomechanical Probe of Gravity Between Massive Mechanical Oscillators
- Josephson's effect in the Schwarzschild background
- Optimal Form Factors for Experimental Proposals on Gravity-Induced Entanglement
- Nonlinear Ringdowns as Sources and Detectors of Quantum Gravitational Waves
- Spontaneous wave function collapse from non-local gravitational self-energy
- Roto-translational optomechanics
- Levitated Milligram-scale Ferromagnetic Magnetometer at Room Temperature
- Scalable Generation of Massive Schrödinger Cat States via Quantum Tunneling
- Can gravity mediate the transmission of quantum information?
- Angular Momentum Entanglement Mediated By General Relativistic Frame Dragging
- Mechanical Squeezed-Fock Qubit: Towards Quantum Weak-Force Sensing
- Benchmarks for quantum communication via gravity
- Stimulated absorption of single gravitons: First light on quantum gravity
- Einstein crystals in Snyder and Snyder-de Sitter noncommutative backgrounds
- Scalable phonon-laser arrays with self-organized synchronization
- When does entanglement through gravity imply gravitons?
- Diffusion Minimization via Optimal Smearing in Collapse and Hybrid Classical-Quantum Gravitational Models
- Quantum interferometry in external gravitational fields
- Detecting zero-point fluctuations with stochastic Brownian oscillators
- Beyond Entanglement: Diagnosing quantum mediator dynamics in gravitationally mediated experiments
- Limits to the validity of gravitational redshift as a quantum-optical multimode mixer
- Evidencing Quantum Gravity with Thermodynamical Observables
- The Gravito-Phononic Effect: A Quantum Signature of Linearised Gravity
- Testing the weak equivalence principle for nonclassical matter with torsion balances