Foundry manufacturing of tight-confinement, dispersion-engineered, ultralow-loss silicon nitride photonic integrated circuit

Abstract

The foundry development of integrated photonics has revolutionized today's optical interconnect and datacenters. Over the last decade, we have witnessed the rising of silicon nitride (Si${}_3$N${}_4$) integrated photonics, which is currently transferring from laboratory research to foundry manufacturing. The development and transition are triggered by the ultimate need of low optical loss offered by Si${}_3$N${}_4$, which is beyond the reach of silicon and III-V semiconductors. Combined with modest Kerr nonlinearity, tight optical confinement and dispersion engineering, Si${}_3$N${}_4$ has today become the leading platform for linear and Kerr nonlinear photonics, and has enabled chip-scale lasers featuring ultralow noise on par with table-top fiber lasers. However, so far all the reported fabrication processes of tight-confinement, dispersion-engineered Si${}_3$N${}_4$ photonic integrated circuit (PIC) with optical loss down to few dB/m have only been developed on 4-inch or smaller wafers. Yet, to transfer these processes to established CMOS foundries that typically operate 6-inch or even larger wafers, challenges remain. In this work, we demonstrate the first foundry-standard fabrication process of Si${}_3$N${}_4$ PIC with only 2.6 dB/m loss, thickness above 800 nm, and near 100% fabrication yield on 6-inch wafers. Such thick and ultralow-loss Si${}_3$N${}_4$ PIC enables low-threshold generation of soliton frequency combs. Merging with advanced heterogeneous integration, active ultralow-loss Si${}_3$N${}_4$ integrated photonics could pave an avenue to addressing future demands in our increasingly information-driven society.

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• Photonics for artificial intelligence and neuromorphic computing
• Integrated Photonic Quantum Technologies
• Integrated micro-comb sources for quantum optical applications
• Hertz-linewidth semiconductor lasers using CMOS-ready ultra-high-$Q$ microresonators
• Stably accessing octave-spanning microresonator frequency combs in the soliton regime
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• High-speed programmable photonic circuits in a cryogenically compatible, visible-NIR 200 mm CMOS architecture
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• High-Q Si3N4 microresonators based on a subtractive processing for Kerr nonlinear optics
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• Exploiting Ultralow Loss Multimode Waveguides for Broadband Frequency Combs
• Strong polarization mode coupling in microresonators
• High-performance microresonator optical parametric oscillator on a silicon chip
• Dissipative Kerr soliton microcombs for FEC-free optical communications over 100 channels
• Thermal control of Kerr microresonator soliton comb via an optical sideband
• Thermal noise reduction in soliton microcombs via laser self-cooling
• Soliton pulse pairs at multiple colors in normal dispersion microresonators

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• Ultralow-loss integrated photonics enables bright, narrow-band, photon-pair sources
• Foundry compatible, efficient wafer-scale manufacturing of ultra-low loss, high-density Si${}_3$N${}_4$ photonic integrated circuits
• A chip-integrated comb-based microwave oscillator
• A wideband, high-resolution vector spectrum analyzer for integrated photonics
• Programmable access to microresonator solitons with modulational sideband heating
• A microcomb-empowered Fourier domain mode-locked LiDAR
• A chip-based optoelectronic-oscillator frequency comb
• Nanometric dual-comb ranging using photon-level microcavity solitons
• Universal Kerr-thermal dynamics of self-injection-locked microresonator dark pulses
• An alkali-referenced vector spectrum analyzer for visible-light integrated photonics
• Million-Q Dual-Polarization Micro-Fabry-Perot Resonators in Silicon Nitride Photonic Integrated Circuits
• Arbitrary-phase locking of fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometers
• Rhythmic soliton interactions for integrated dual-microcomb spectroscopy
• Systematic dispersion engineering of crystalline microresonators for broadband and coherent frequency comb generation
• Multicolor continuous-variable quantum entanglement in the Kerr frequency comb
• Light coupling to photonic integrated circuits using optimized lensed fibers
• Centi-combs: Low-noise sub-GHz repetition-rate soliton frequency combs from crystalline resonators
• Engineered mode coupling in high-Q microresonators enables deterministic low-repetition-rate soliton microcombs