Probing Topological Spin Liquids on a Programmable Quantum Simulator

Abstract

Quantum spin liquids, exotic phases of matter with topological order, have been a major focus of explorations in physical science for the past several decades. Such phases feature long-range quantum entanglement that can potentially be exploited to realize robust quantum computation. We use a 219-atom programmable quantum simulator to probe quantum spin liquid states. In our approach, arrays of atoms are placed on the links of a kagome lattice and evolution under Rydberg blockade creates frustrated quantum states with no local order. The onset of a quantum spin liquid phase of the paradigmatic toric code type is detected by evaluating topological string operators that provide direct signatures of topological order and quantum correlations. Its properties are further revealed by using an atom array with nontrivial topology, representing a first step towards topological encoding. Our observations enable the controlled experimental exploration of topological quantum matter and protected quantum information processing.

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• Bounded light cone and robust topological order out of equilibrium
• Engineering quantum states with neutral atoms
• Renormalized dual basis for scalable simulations of 2+1D compact quantum electrodynamics
• Measuring temporal entropies in experiments
• Wegner's Ising gauge spins versus Kitaev's Majorana partons: Mapping and application to anisotropic confinement in spin-orbital liquids
• Random displacements in critical Rydberg atom arrays
• Autoionization-enhanced Rydberg dressing by fast contaminant removal
• Quantum simulations of complex systems
• Quantum simulation of quantum mechanical system with spatial noncommutativity
• Proposal for realizing quantum-spin systems on a two-dimensional square lattice with Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction by Floquet engineering using Rydberg atoms
• Topological order in symmetric blockade structures
• Geometric phase and multipartite entanglement of Rydberg atom chains
• Quantum circuit complexity and unsupervised machine learning of topological order
• Macroproperties vs. Microstates in the Classical Simulation of Critical Phenomena in Quench Dynamics of 1D Ising Models
• Breakdown of the thermodynamic limit in quantum spin and dimer models
• Tunnel-coupled optical microtraps for ultracold atoms
• Frustrated Rydberg Atom Arrays Meet Cavity-QED: Emergence of the Superradiant Clock Phase
• Homogeneous Magnetic Flux in Rydberg Lattices
• Tunable two-species spin models with Rydberg atoms in circular and elliptical states
• Engineering artificial atomic systems of giant electric dipole moment
• Generation of quantum phases of matter and finding a maximum-weight independent set of unit-disk graphs using Rydberg atoms
• Many-body phases from effective geometrical frustration and long-range interactions in a subwavelength lattice
• Ab-Initio Approach to Many-Body Quantum Spin Dynamics
• Approximate Hofstadter- and Kapit-Mueller-like parent Hamiltonians for Laughlin states on fractals
• A primer on Kitaev Model: Basic aspects, material realization, and recent experiments
• Optimized readout strategies for neutral atom quantum processors
• Supersymmetry dynamics on Rydberg atom arrays
• Loop Algorithm for Quantum Transverse Ising Model in a Longitudinal Field
• Continuous-wave all-optical single-photon transistor based on a Rydberg-atom ensemble
• Detecting prethermal Floquet phases of Rydberg atom arrays
• Fractionally Quantized Electric Polarization and Discrete Shift of Crystalline Fractional Chern Insulators
• Phase transitions and remnants of fractionalization at finite temperature in the triangular lattice quantum loop model
• Generalized Josephson effect with arbitrary periodicity in quantum magnets
• Spatiotemporal Quenches in Long-Range Hamiltonians
• Continuous-wave quantum light control via engineered Rydberg-induced dephasing
• Stabilization of symmetry-protected long-range entanglement in stochastic quantum circuits
• Engineering a Josephson junction chain for the simulation of the clock model
• Bulk and Boundary Quantum Phase Transitions in a Square Rydberg Atom Array
• Inter-species topological phases via a dynamical gauge field
• Fractional diffusion without disorder in two dimensions
• Symmetrizing the Constraints -- Density Matrix Renormalization Group for Constrained Lattice Models
• Imaginary-time Quantum Relaxation Critical Dynamics with Semi-ordered Initial States
• Suppressing decoherence in quantum state transfer with unitary operations
• Learning quantum symmetries with interactive quantum-classical variational algorithms
• Quantum dynamics of frustrated Josephson junction arrays embedded in a transmission line: an effective XX spin chain with long-range interaction
• Exact kinetic propagators for coherent state complex Langevin simulations
• Deconfined quantum criticality on a triangular Rydberg array
• Tailoring interaction ranges in atom arrays
• Semi-Dirac spin liquids and frustrated quantum magnetism on the trellis lattice
• Tuning long-range fermion-mediated interactions in cold-atom quantum simulators
• Simulating Topological Order on Quantum Processors
• Simulating dynamics of the two-dimensional transverse-field Ising model: a comparative study of large-scale classical numerics
• Magnetosynthesis effect on the structure and ground state of Cu${}^{2+}$-based antiferromagnets
• Artificial Gauge Field Engineered Excited-State Topology: Control of Dynamical Evolution of Localized Spinons
• Achieving the quantum field theory limit in far-from-equilibrium quantum link models
• Emergence of topological states in relaxation dynamics of interacting bosons
• Probing anyonic statistics via Mach-Zehnder interferometry in quantum computers
• Vison condensation and spinon confinement in a kagome-lattice ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$ spin liquid: A numerical study of a quantum dimer model
• Superselection-Resolved Entanglement in Lattice Gauge Theories: A Tensor Network Approach
• Optimizing the dynamical preparation of quantum spin lakes on the ruby lattice
• Shared purity and concurrence of a mixture of ground and low-lying excited states as indicators of quantum phase transitions
• Kinetically constrained cavity QED: from blockaded ferromagnetism to long-range quantum scars
• Shift of quantum critical point of discrete time crystal on a noisy quantum simulator
• Simplex Crystal Ground State and Magnetization Plateaus in the Spin-$1/2$ Heisenberg Model on the Ruby Lattice
• Partition function of the Kitaev quantum double model
• Engineering the non-Hermitian Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model with skin effects in Rydberg atom arrays
• Exactly Solvable Topological Phase Transition in a Quantum Dimer Model
• Quantum Supercritical Crossover with Dynamical Singularity
• Ultracold atomic lattice systems for simulating topological phases: A review
• Robust and Parallel Control of Many Qubits
• Magnetic Hysteresis Experiments Performed on Quantum Annealers
• Hidden subsystem symmetry protected states in competing topological orders
• Towards a pulse-level intermediate representation for diverse quantum control systems
• Dynamical complexity of non-Gaussian many-body systems with dissipation
• Site-resolved observables in the doped spin-imbalanced triangular Hubbard model
• Refining ensemble $N$-representability of one-body density matrices from partial information
• Simulating monitoring-induced topological phase transitions with small systems
• Emergent criticality in a constrained boson model
• Optimized Gutzwiller Projected States for Doped Antiferromagnets in Fermi-Hubbard Simulators
• Topology meets symmetry breaking: Hidden order, intrinsically gapless topological states and finite-temperature topological transitions
• Perturbational Decomposition Analysis for Quantum Ising Model with Weak Transverse Fields
• Entanglement Spectroscopy and probing the Li-Haldane Conjecture in Topological Quantum Matter
• Tunable anyonic permeability across ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$ spin liquid junctions
• Double Supersolid Phase in a Bosonic t-J-V Model with Rydberg Atoms
• Doped resonating-valence-bond states: Robustness of the spin-ice phases in three-dimensional Rydberg arrays
• Two-electron quantum walks can probe entanglement and decoherence in an electron microscope
• Engineering long-range and multi-body interactions via global kinetic constraints
• Quantum Markov chain Monte Carlo method with programmable quantum simulators
• Mapping atomic trapping in an optical superlattice onto the libration of a planar rotor in electric fields
• Algebraic law of local correlations in a driven Rydberg atomic system
• Real-space blocking of qubit variables on parallel lattice gauge theory links for quantum simulation
• Categorical computation
• Partons from stabilizer codes
• 2D Anderson Localization and KPZ sub-Universality Classes : sensitivity to boundary conditions and insensitivity to symmetry classes
• All-to-all connectivity of Rydberg-atom-based quantum processors with messenger qubits
• Rydberg Atoms in a Ladder Geometry: Quench Dynamics and Floquet Engineering
• Many-body quantum dimerization in 2D atomic arrays
• Dynamics of defects and interfaces for interacting quantum hard disks
• Preparing Code States via Seed-Entangler-Enriched Sequential Quantum Circuits: Application to Tetra-Digit Topological Error-Correcting Codes
• Programmable order by disorder effect and underlying phases through dipolar quantum simulators
• Universal fluctuations of localized two interacting particles in one dimension
• Shortcuts to Analog Preparation of Non-Equilibrium Quantum Lakes
• Pontryagin Maximum Principle for Rydberg-blockaded state-to-state transfers: A semi-analytic approach
• Disorder-free localization transition in a two-dimensional lattice gauge theory
• Noisy Monitored Quantum Circuits
• Quantum spin liquids bootstrapped from Ising criticality in Rydberg arrays
• High-efficiency loading of 2,400 Ytterbium atoms in optical tweezer arrays