KiDS-1000 Cosmology: constraints beyond flat $\Lambda$CDM

Abstract

We present constraints on extensions to the flat $\Lambda$CDM cosmological model by varying the spatial curvature ${\Omega }_K$, the sum of the neutrino masses $\sum m_{\nu }$, the dark energy equation of state parameter $w$, and the Hu-Sawicki $f(R)$ gravity $f_{R0}$ parameter. With the combined $3\times 2$pt measurements of cosmic shear from the Kilo-Degree Survey (KiDS-1000), galaxy clustering from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS), and galaxy-galaxy lensing from the overlap between KiDS-1000, BOSS, and the spectroscopic 2-degree Field Lensing Survey (2dFLenS), we find results that are fully consistent with a flat $\Lambda$CDM model with ${\Omega }_K=0.011_{-0.057}^{+0.054}$, $\sum m_{\nu }<1.76$ eV (95% CL), and $w=-0.99_{-0.13}^{+0.11}$. The $f_{R0}$ parameter is unconstrained in our fully non-linear $f(R)$ cosmic shear analysis. Considering three different model selection criteria, we find no clear preference for either the fiducial flat $\Lambda$CDM model or any of the considered extensions. Besides extensions to the flat $\Lambda$CDM parameter space, we also explore restrictions to common subsets of the flat $\Lambda$CDM parameter space by fixing the amplitude of the primordial power spectrum to the Planck best-fit value, as well as adding external data from supernovae and lensing of the CMB. Neither the beyond-$\Lambda$CDM models nor the imposed restrictions explored in this analysis are able to resolve the $\sim 3\sigma$ tension in $S_8$ between the $3\times 2$pt constraints and Planck, with the exception of $w$CDM, where the $S_8$ tension is resolved. The tension in the $w$CDM case persists, however, when considering the joint $S_8$-$w$ parameter space. The joint flat $\Lambda$CDM CMB lensing and $3\times 2$pt analysis is found to yield tight constraints on ${\Omega }_{\mathrm{m}}=0.307_{-0.013}^{+0.008}$, ${\sigma }_8=0.769_{-0.010}^{+0.022}$, and $S_8=0.779_{-0.013}^{+0.013}$.

15 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables, accepted in A&A. This paper concludes the KiDS-1000 series of papers: Heymans, Tröster et al. (arXiv:2007.15632), Asgari et al. (arXiv:2007.15633), Hildebrandt et al. (arXiv:2007.15635), Joachimi et al. (arXiv:2007.01844), and Giblin et al. (arXiv:2007.01845). Data products, likelihoods, and posteriors can be found http://kids.strw.leidenuniv.nl/DR4/lensing.php

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