Universality in Hadronic and Nuclear Collisions at High Energy

Abstract

Recent experimental results in proton-proton and in proton-nucleus collisions at Large Hadron Collider energies show a strong similarity to those observed in nucleus-nucleus collisions, where the formation of a quark-gluon plasma is expected. We discuss the comparison between small colliding systems and nucleus-nucleus collisions, for: a)~the strangeness suppression factor ${\gamma }_s$ and yields of multi-strange hadrons; b)~the average transverse momentum, $p_t$, with particular attention to the low $p_t$ region where soft, non-perturbative effects are important; c)~the elliptic flow scaled by the participant eccentricity. The universal behavior in hadronic and nuclear high energy collisions emerges for all these observables in terms of a specific dynamical variable which corresponds to the entropy density of initial system in the collision and which takes into account the transverse size of the initial configuration and its fluctuations.

5 pages, 4 figures, submitted to journal

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• Multi-Source Thermal Model Describing Transverse Momentum Spectra of Final-State Particles in High Energy Collisions
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• A hybrid model for multi-particle production and multi-fragment emission in electron-nucleus collisions at the forthcoming Electron-Ion Collider