Integrated gallium phosphide nonlinear photonics

Abstract

Gallium phosphide (GaP) is an indirect bandgap semiconductor used widely in solid-state lighting. Despite numerous intriguing optical properties---including large ${\chi }^{(2)}$ and ${\chi }^{(3)}$ coefficients, a high refractive index ($>3$), and transparency from visible to long-infrared wavelengths ($0.55-11\mu$m)---its application as an integrated photonics material has been little studied. Here we introduce GaP-on-insulator as a platform for nonlinear photonics, exploiting a direct wafer bonding approach to realize integrated waveguides with 1.2 dB/cm loss in the telecommunications C-band (on par with Si-on-insulator). High quality $(Q>10^5)$, grating-coupled ring resonators are fabricated and studied. Employing a modulation transfer approach, we obtain a direct experimental estimate of the nonlinear index of GaP at telecommunication wavelengths: $n_2=1.2(5)\times 10^{-17}{\text{m}}^2/\text{W}$. We also observe Kerr frequency comb generation in resonators with engineered dispersion. Parametric threshold powers as low as 3 mW are realized, followed by broadband ($>100$ nm) frequency combs with sub-THz spacing, frequency-doubled combs and, in a separate device, efficient Raman lasing. These results signal the emergence of GaP-on-insulator as a novel platform for integrated nonlinear photonics.

13 pages, 10 figures, 1 table; typos corrected, added/fixed references, modified title

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• Universal Dynamics of Kerr Frequency Comb Formation in Microresonators
• Breaking the Loss Limitation of On-chip High-confinement Resonators
• Silicon-Chip Mid-Infrared Frequency Comb Generation
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• Mode spectrum and temporal soliton formation in optical microresonators
• Second harmonic generation in gallium phosphide photonic crystal nanocavities with ultralow continuous wave pump power
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• Efficient telecom to visible wavelength conversion in doubly resonant GaP microdisks
• Gallium Phosphide Photonic Crystal Nanocavities in the Visible
• Efficient extraction of zero-phonon-line photons from single nitrogen-vacancy centers in an integrated GaP-on-diamond platform
• Gallium phosphide-on-silicon dioxide photonic devices
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• Cavity optomechanics in gallium phosphide microdisks
• Waveguide-integrated single-crystalline GaP resonators on diamond
• Highly selective dry etching of GaP in the presence of Al${}_{\text{x}}$Ga${}_{1-\text{x}}$P

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