Stellar Multiplicity Meets Stellar Evolution And Metallicity: The APOGEE View

Abstract

We use the multi-epoch radial velocities acquired by the APOGEE survey to perform a large scale statistical study of stellar multiplicity for field stars in the Milky Way, spanning the evolutionary phases between the main sequence and the red clump. We show that the distribution of maximum radial velocity shifts (\drvm) for APOGEE targets is a strong function of \logg, with main sequence stars showing \drvm\ as high as $\sim$300 \kms, and steadily dropping down to $\sim$30 \kms\ for \logg$\sim$0, as stars climb up the Red Giant Branch (RGB). Red clump stars show a distribution of \drvm\ values comparable to that of stars at the tip of the RGB, implying they have similar multiplicity characteristics. The observed attrition of high \drvm\ systems in the RGB is consistent with a lognormal period distribution in the main sequence and a multiplicity fraction of 0.35, which is truncated at an increasing period as stars become physically larger and undergo mass transfer after Roche Lobe Overflow during H shell burning. The \drvm\ distributions also show that the multiplicity characteristics of field stars are metallicity dependent, with metal-poor ([Fe/H]$\lesssim -0.5$) stars having a multiplicity fraction a factor 2-3 higher than metal-rich ([Fe/H]$\gtrsim 0.0$) stars. This has profound implications for the formation rates of interacting binaries observed by astronomical transient surveys and gravitational wave detectors, as well as the habitability of circumbinary planets.

arXiv comment13 pages, 13 figures, replaced with version accepted by ApJ

References in corpus (68)

• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA)
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Giant Planets, Oscillations, Rotation, and Massive Stars
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Binaries, Pulsations, and Explosions
• MESA Isochrones and Stellar Tracks (MIST). I: Solar-Scaled Models
• The 2.5 m Telescope of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• Binary interaction dominates the evolution of massive stars
• A Survey of Stellar Families: Multiplicity of Solar-Type Stars
• The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE)
• Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV: Mapping the Milky Way, Nearby Galaxies, and the Distant Universe
• Stellar Multiplicity
• Mind your Ps and Qs: the Interrelation between Period (P) and Mass-ratio (Q) Distributions of Binary Stars
• SEGUE: A Spectroscopic Survey of 240,000 stars with g=14-20
• Observational clues to the progenitors of Type-Ia supernovae
• ASPCAP: The Apogee Stellar Parameter and Chemical Abundances Pipeline
• Giant Planet Occurrence in the Stellar Mass-Metallicity Plane
• The Thirteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the SDSS-IV Survey MApping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory
• Tertiary companions to close spectroscopic binaries
• The Data Reduction Pipeline for the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment
• Abundances, Stellar Parameters, and Spectra From the SDSS-III/APOGEE Survey
• Target Selection for the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE)
• The Cannon: A data-driven approach to stellar label determination
• The APOKASC Catalog: An Asteroseismic and Spectroscopic Joint Survey of Targets in the Kepler Fields
• Stellar Multiplicity and the IMF: Most Stars Are Single
• A Robust Measure of Tidal Circularization in Coeval Binary Populations: The solar-type spectroscopic Binary Population in The Open Cluster M35
• Theoretical uncertainties of the type Ia supernova rate
• The APOGEE red-clump catalog: Precise distances, velocities, and high-resolution elemental abundances over a large area of the Milky Way's disk
• Spectroscopic determination of masses (and implied ages) for red giants
• The Chemical Evolution of Star-Forming Galaxies Over the Last 11 Billion Years
• Identification of the Long-Sought Common-Envelope Events
• Stellar Mergers Are Common
• Mass Transfer from Giant Donors
• The Joker: A custom Monte Carlo sampler for binary-star and exoplanet radial velocity data
• Limits on the primordial stellar multiplicity
• The Merger Rate of Binary White Dwarfs in the Galactic Disk
• WIYN Open Cluster Study XXXII: Stellar Radial Velocities in the Old Open Cluster NGC 188
• Discovery and Characterization of 3000+ Main-Sequence Binaries from APOGEE Spectra
• The statistical properties of stars and their dependence on metallicity: the effects of opacity
• Bayesian analysis of resolved stellar spectra: application to MMT/Hectochelle Observations of the Draco dwarf spheroidal
• Binary stars in the Galactic thick disc
• Cannibals in the thick disk: the young $\alpha -$rich stars as evolved blue stragglers
• WIYN Open Cluster Study. XLVIII. The Hard-Binary Population of NGC 188
• On the origin of the distribution of binary-star periods
• IN-SYNC I: Homogeneous Stellar Parameters from High Resolution APOGEE Spectra for Thousands of Pre-main Sequence Star
• Implications for the Formation of Blue Straggler Stars from HST Ultraviolet Observations of NGC 188
• Signatures of unresolved binaries in stellar spectra: implications for spectral fitting
• Precise radial velocities of giant stars. IV. A correlation between surface gravity and radial velocity variation and a statistical investigation of companion properties
• Rapid Rotation of Low-Mass Red Giants Using APOKASC: A Measure of Interaction Rates on the Post-main-sequence
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: double, triple and quadruple-line spectroscopic binary candidates
• Radial velocity monitoring of Kepler heartbeat stars
• The binarity of Milky Way F,G,K stars as a function of effective temperature and metallicity
• Companions to APOGEE Stars I: A Milky Way-Spanning Catalog of Stellar and Substellar Companion Candidates and their Diverse Hosts
• The Close Binary Properties of Massive Stars in the Milky Way and Low-Metallicity Magellanic Clouds
• Stellar loci II. a model-free estimate of the binary fraction for field FGK stars
• Binary Formation in Star-Forming Clouds with Various Metallicities
• Characterizing the Galactic White Dwarf Binary Population with Sparsely Sampled Radial Velocity Data
• Binary Formation with Different Metallicities: Dependence on Initial Conditions
• Habitable Zones with Stable Orbits for Planets around Binary Systems
• The binary fraction, separation distribution, and merger rate of white dwarfs from SPY
• The initial period function of late-type binary stars and its variation
• The binarity of Galactic dwarf stars along with effective temperature and metallicity
• IN-SYNC VI. Identification and Radial Velocity Extraction for 100+ Double-Lined Spectroscopic Binaries in the APOGEE/IN-SYNC Fields
• The dimensionality of stellar chemical space using spectra from the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment
• Single-lined Spectroscopic Binary Star Candidates in the RAVE Survey
• A Survey of Proper Motion Stars. XVII. A Deficiency of Binary Stars on Retrograde Galactic Orbits and the Possibility that omega Centauri is Related to the Effect
• Statistical Time-Resolved Spectroscopy: A higher fraction of short-period binaries for metal-rich F-type dwarfs in SDSS
• New visual companions of solar-type stars within 25 pc
• Today a Duo, But Once a Trio? The Double White Dwarf HS 2220$+$2146 May Be A Post-Blue Straggler Binary

Cited by in corpus (99)

• Binary companions of evolved stars in APOGEE DR14: Search method and catalog of ~5,000 companions
• Unresolved stellar companions with Gaia DR2 astrometry
• Discovery of a Candidate Black Hole - Giant Star Binary System in the Galactic Field
• The Close Binary Fraction of Solar-type Stars is Strongly Anti-correlated with Metallicity
• Age dissection of the Milky Way discs: red giants in the Kepler field
• Formation of close binaries by disc fragmentation and migration, and its statistical modeling
• Impact of Binary Stars on Planet Statistics -- I. Planet Occurrence Rates, Trends with Stellar Mass, and Wide Companions to Hot Jupiter Hosts
• Close Binary Companions to APOGEE DR16 Stars: 20,000 Binary-star Systems Across the Color-Magnitude Diagram
• Close companions around young stars
• The statistical properties of stars and their dependence on metallicity
• Predicting the binary black hole population of the Milky Way with cosmological simulations
• Final Targeting Strategy for the SDSS-IV APOGEE-2N Survey
• The i-process yields of rapidly-accreting white dwarfs from multicycle He-shell flash stellar evolution models with mixing parameterizations from 3D hydrodynamics simulations
• The wide binary fraction of solar-type stars: emergence of metallicity dependence at a < 200 AU
• On the formation of GW190814
• Populations of double white dwarfs in Milky Way satellites and their detectability with LISA
• The ASAS-SN Catalog of Variable Stars IX: The Spectroscopic Properties of Galactic Variable Stars
• The Close Binary Fraction as a Function of Stellar Parameters in APOGEE: A Strong Anti-Correlation With $\alpha$ Abundances
• Binary Stars in the New Millennium
• 15000 Ellipsoidal Binary Candidates in TESS: Orbital Periods, Binary Fraction, and Tertiary Companions
• Robust velocity dispersion and binary population modeling of the ultra-faint dwarf galaxy Reticulum II
• The multiplicity fraction in 202 open clusters from Gaia
• Lifetime of short-period binaries measured from their Galactic kinematics
• Open Cluster Chemical Homogeneity Throughout the Milky Way
• Gravitational Waves from Double White Dwarfs as probes of the Milky Way
• The non-monotonic, strong metallicity dependence of the wide-binary fraction
• The GALAH Survey: Stellar streams and how stellar velocity distributions vary with Galactic longitude, hemisphere and metallicity
• The ASAS-SN Catalog of Variable Stars IV: Periodic Variables in the APOGEE Survey
• Understanding the orbital periods of CEMP-s stars
• Cannibals in the thick disk II -- Radial-velocity monitoring of the young alpha-rich stars
• Binary companions of evolved stars in APOGEE DR14: Orbital circularization
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: detection and characterization of single line spectroscopic binaries
• Modeling Kepler Eclipsing Binaries: Homogeneous Inference of Orbital & Stellar Properties
• Four-hundred Very Metal-poor Stars studied with LAMOST and Subaru. I. Survey Design, Follow-up Program, and Binary Frequency
• Rotationally Driven Ultraviolet Emission of Red Giant Stars
• Multiplicity of the red supergiant population in the young massive cluster NGC 330
• Data-driven spectroscopic estimates of absolute magnitude, distance and binarity -- method and catalog of 16,002 O- and B-type stars from LAMOST
• A Catalog of RV Variable Star Candidates from LAMOST
• Supernova Rates and Luminosity Functions from ASAS-SN I: 2014--2017 Type Ia SNe and Their Subtypes
• A gap in the double white dwarf separation distribution caused by the common-envelope evolution: astrometric evidence from Gaia
• A high fraction of close massive binary stars at low metallicity
• Applying the metallicity-dependent binary fraction to double white dwarf formation: Implications for LISA
• Binary fractions of G and K dwarf stars based on the Gaia EDR3 and LAMOST DR5: impacts of the chemical abundances
• The statistical properties of stars at redshift, z=5, compared with the present epoch
• The Large Magellanic Cloud Revealed in Gravitational Waves with LISA
• 99 oscillating red-giant stars in binary systems with NASA TESS and NASA Kepler identified from the SB9-Catalogue
• White dwarf binaries Across the H-R Diagram
• Enhancement of Double-Close-Binary Quadruples
• Discovery of s-process enhanced stars in the LAMOST survey
• Stellar kinematics of dwarf galaxies from multi-epoch spectroscopy: application to Triangulum II
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: Spectroscopic-asteroseismic analysis of K2 stars in Gaia-ESO
• Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Enhanced multiplicity of early B-type dwarfs and giants at $Z=0.2{\mathrm{Z}}_{\odot }$
• A metallicity dependence on the occurrence of core-collapse supernovae
• Variation of the low-mass end of the stellar initial mass function with redshift and metallicity
• Binary star population of the Sculptor dwarf galaxy
• A Statistical Detection of Wide Binary Systems in the Ultra-Faint Dwarf Galaxy Reticulum II
• The pristine nature of SMSS 1605$-$1443 revealed by ESPRESSO
• Radial velocities in the outermost disk toward the anticenter
• Geometry of the Draco C1 Symbiotic Binary
• MOA-2006-BLG-074: recognizing xallarap contaminants in planetary microlensing
• The Rich Lack Close Neighbours: The Dependence of Blue-Straggler Fraction on Metallicity
• Evolution of the UV upturn in cluster galaxies: Abell 1689
• The Time-Domain Spectroscopic Survey: Radial Velocity Variability in Dwarf Carbon Stars
• Are Lithium-Rich Giants Binaries? A Radial Velocity Variability Analysis of 1,400 Giants
• Wide binaries from the H3 survey: the thick disk and halo have similar wide binary fractions
• Binary fraction of O and B-type stars from LAMOST data
• Gamma-Ray Burst in a Binary System
• Lithium in Kepler Red Giants: Defining Normal and Anomalous
• Impact of a companion and of chromospheric emission on the shape of chromosome maps for globular clusters
• Bringing Stellar Evolution & Feedback Together: Summary of proposals from the Lorentz Center Workshop, 2022
• Signature of a massive rotating metal-poor star imprinted in the Phoenix stellar stream
• Wide companions to M and L subdwarfs with Gaia and the Virtual Observatory
• Photometric Determination of Main-Sequence Binaries with Gaia
• The GALAH survey: unresolved triple Sun-like stars discovered by the Gaia mission
• Dynamical masses across the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
• Not that simple: the metallicity dependence of the wide binary fraction changes with separation and stellar mass
• Stellar Migration and Chemical Enrichment in the Milky Way Disc: A Hybrid Model
• Evolution of the Ultraviolet Upturn at $0.3<z<1$: exploring helium rich stellar populations
• Symbiotic Stars in the APOGEE Survey: The Case of LIN 358 and SMC N73 (LIN 445a)
• Observations of red giants with suspected massive companions
• Mapping Progenitors of Binary Black Holes and Neutron Stars with Binary Population Synthesis
• LAMOST medium-resolution spectroscopic survey of binarity and exotic star (LAMOST-MRS-B): Observation strategy and target selection
• Where are the binaries? -- Searching for blue horizontal-branch stars in binary systems in the inner Galactic Halo
• Measurement of Substructure from the Kinematics of the GD-1 Stellar Stream
• Analysis of Previously Classified White Dwarf-Main Sequence Binaries Using Data from the APOGEE Survey
• Orbital Parameters and Binary Properties of 37 FGK stars in the Cores of Open Clusters NGC 2516 and NGC 2422
• Multiplicity Statistics of Stars in the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy: Comparison to the Milky Way
• Millions of Main-Sequence Binary Stars from Gaia BP/RP Spectra
• Calibration of Binary Population Synthesis Models Using White Dwarf Binaries from APOGEE, GALEX and Gaia
• Stellar masses and mass ratios for Gaia open cluster members
• Multiwavelength Radiation from the Interaction between Magnetar Bursts and Companion Star in a Binary System
• Double-lined spectroscopic binaries in the APOGEE DR16 and DR17 data
• The Progenitor Systems of Classical Novae in M31
• Stellar multiplicity and stellar rotation: Insights from APOGEE
• The eccentricity distribution of wide binaries and their individual measurements
• Double Trouble: How Unresolved Spectroscopic Binary Stars Skew GALAH DR4 Stellar Parameters
• Differential velocity cumulative distribution (DVCD): an efficient statistical method for binary-star analysis in large stellar catalogues using radial velocities
• Formation of massive multiple-star systems: early migration and mergers
• Stellar Multiplicity in Open Clusters: Investigating Binary Fractions and Their Relationship with Cluster Properties