The MIXR sample: AGN activity versus star formation across the cross-correlation of WISE, 3XMM, and FIRST/NVSS

Abstract

We cross-correlate the largest available Mid-Infrared (WISE), X-ray (3XMM) and Radio (FIRST+NVSS) catalogues to define the MIXR sample of AGN and star-forming galaxies. We pre-classify the sources based on their positions on the WISE colour/colour plot, showing that the MIXR triple selection is extremely effective to diagnose the star formation and AGN activity of individual populations, even on a flux/magnitude basis, extending the diagnostics to objects with luminosities and redshifts from SDSS DR12. We recover the radio/mid-IR star formation correlation with great accuracy, and use it to classify our sources, based on their activity, as radio-loud and radio-quiet AGN, LERGs/LINERs, and non-AGN galaxies. These diagnostics can prove extremely useful for large AGN and galaxy samples, and help develop ways to efficiently triage sources when data from the next generation of instruments becomes available. We study bias in detail, and show that while the widely-used WISE colour selections for AGN are very successful at cleanly selecting samples of luminous AGN, they miss or misclassify a substantial fraction of AGN at lower luminosities and/or higher redshifts. MIXR also allows us to test the relation between radiative and kinetic (jet) power in radio-loud AGN, for which a tight correlation is expected due to a mutual dependence on accretion. Our results highlight that long-term AGN variability, jet regulation, and other factors affecting the $Q/L$${}_{bol}$ relation, are introducing a vast amount of scatter in this relation, with dramatic potential consequences on our current understanding of AGN feedback and its effect on star formation.

arXiv comment38 pages, 38 figures, 7 tables. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

References in corpus (162)

• Maps of Dust IR Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and CMBR Foregrounds
• The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE): Mission Description and Initial On-orbit Performance
• A Fundamental Relation Between Supermassive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies
• Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies
• The Demography of Massive Dark Objects in Galaxy Centres
• On the Absorption of X-rays in the Interstellar Medium
• The Leiden/Argentine/Bonn (LAB) Survey of Galactic HI: Final data release of the combined LDS and IAR surveys with improved stray-radiation corrections
• A Relationship Between Nuclear Black Hole Mass and Galaxy Velocity Dispersion
• The 2.5 m Telescope of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• SDSS-III: Massive Spectroscopic Surveys of the Distant Universe, the Milky Way Galaxy, and Extra-Solar Planetary Systems
• The Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey of SDSS-III
• Atomic Data for Astrophysics. II. New Analytic Fits for Photoionization Cross Sections of Atoms and Ions
• Advection-Dominated Accretion: Underfed Black Holes and Neutron Stars
• Local Supermassive Black Holes, Relics of Active Galactic Nuclei and the X-ray Background
• Hot Accretion Flows Around Black Holes
• Efficient Generation of Jets from Magnetically Arrested Accretion on a Rapidly Spinning Black Hole
• The Co-Evolution of Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes: Insights from Surveys of the Contemporary Universe
• Radio Properties of Infrared Selected Galaxies in the IRAS 2 Jy Sample
• Preliminary Results from NEOWISE: An Enhancement to the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer for Solar System Science
• Spectral Energy Distributions of Hard X-ray selected AGNs in the XMDS Survey
• Revisiting the Unified Model of Active Galactic Nuclei
• Mid-Infrared Selection of AGN with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer. I. Characterizing WISE-Selected AGN in COSMOS
• Estimating Star Formation Rates from Infrared and Radio Luminosities: The Origin of the Radio-Infrared Correlation
• Calibration of X-ray absorption in our Galaxy
• The host galaxies of radio-loud AGN: mass dependencies, gas cooling and AGN feedback
• Powerful Outflows and Feedback from Active Galactic Nuclei
• On the fundamental dichotomy in the local radio-AGN population: accretion, evolution, and host galaxy properties
• Mechanical Feedback from Active Galactic Nuclei in Galaxies, Groups, and Clusters
• The SDSS View of the Palomar-Green Bright Quasar Survey
• The 2-10 keV luminosity as a Star Formation Rate indicator
• What Drives the Growth of Black Holes?
• Optical and Radio Properties of Extragalactic Sources Observed by the FIRST and SDSS Surveys
• The emission line - radio correlation for radio sources using the 7C Redshift Survey
• The XMM-Newton Serendipitous Survey. V. The Second XMM-Newton Serendipitous Source Catalogue
• A relationship between AGN jet power and radio power
• Mid-Infrared Selection of Active Galactic Nuclei with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer. II. Properties of WISE-Selected Active Galactic Nuclei in the NDWFS Boötes Field
• The role of black holes in galaxy formation and evolution
• Hot and cold gas accretion and feedback in radio-loud active galaxies
• Black hole variability and the star formation-AGN connection: Do all star-forming galaxies host an AGN?
• The XMM-Newton serendipitous survey. VII. The third XMM-Newton serendipitous source catalogue
• Using the Bright Ultra-Hard XMM-Newton Survey to define an IR selection of luminous AGN based on WISE colours
• Resolving the mid-infrared cores of local Seyferts
• The Last of FIRST: The Final Catalog and Source Identifications
• Evidence for powerful AGN winds at high redshift: Dynamics of galactic outflows in radio galaxies during the "Quasar Era"
• Low Resolution Spectral Templates For AGNs and Galaxies From 0.03 -- 30 microns
• An X-ray study of magnetic field strengths and particle content in FRII radio sources
• The Far- and Mid-Infrared/Radio Correlations in the Spitzer Extragalactic First Look Survey
• Narrow-line region gas kinematics of 24,264 optically-selected AGN: the radio connection
• LOFAR 150-MHz observations of the Boötes field: Catalogue and Source Counts
• Timing the starburst-AGN connection
• A Survey of Kiloparsec-Scale Radio Outflows in Radio-Quiet Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Spitzer Deep, Wide-Field Survey
• The X-ray nuclei of intermediate-redshift radio sources
• The active nuclei of z<1.0 3CRR radio sources
• Tracing the cosmic growth of super massive black holes to z ~ 3 with Herschel
• The far-infrared/radio correlation and radio spectral index of galaxies in the SFR-M* plane up to z 2
• A test for partial correlation with censored astronomical data
• The Black Hole Mass - Spheroid Luminosity relation
• A remarkably flat relationship between the average star formation rate and AGN luminosity for distant X-ray AGN
• AGN feedback and triggering of star formation in galaxies
• Numerical modelling of the lobes of radio galaxies in cluster environments
• A Unified Catalog of Radio Objects Detected by NVSS, FIRST, WENSS, GB6, and SDSS
• Identification of 1.4 Million AGNs in the Mid-Infrared using WISE Data
• X-ray cavities in a sample of 83 SPT-selected clusters of galaxies: Tracing the evolution of AGN feedback in clusters of galaxies out to z=1.2
• No clear submillimetre signature of suppressed star formation amongst X-ray luminous AGNs
• LOFAR/H-ATLAS: A deep low-frequency survey of the Herschel-ATLAS North Galactic Pole field
• Spectral Models for Low-luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei in LINERs: The Role of Advection-dominated Accretion and Jets
• Radio AGN in the local universe: unification, triggering and evolution
• The sub-mJy radio sky in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South: source population
• Fueling AGN II: Spatially Resolved Molecular Inflows and Outflows
• Observational Signatures of Galactic Winds Powered by Active Galactic Nuclei
• Reliable Identification of Compton-thick Quasars at z~2: Spitzer Mid-IR spectroscopy of HDF-oMD49
• The VLA Survey of the Chandra Deep Field South. V. Evolution and Luminosity Functions of sub-mJy radio sources and the issue of radio emission in radio-quiet AGN
• AGN Jet Kinetic Power and the Energy Budget of Radio Galaxy Lobes
• GOODS-Herschel: radio-excess signature of hidden AGN activity in distant star-forming galaxies
• Magnetic flux paradigm for radio-loudness of AGN
• ROSAT X-ray observations of 3CRR radio sources
• An X-ray survey of the 2Jy sample. I: is there an accretion mode dichotomy in radio-loud AGN?
• Are Radio AGN Powered by Accretion or Black Hole Spin?
• Star formation in quasar hosts and the origin of radio emission in radio-quiet quasars
• Radio faint AGN: a tale of two populations
• Numerical modelling of the lobes of radio galaxies in cluster environments II: Magnetic field configuration and observability
• The cosmic evolution of radio-AGN feedback to z=1
• The mid IR -- hard X-ray correlation in AGN and its implications for dusty torus models
• Revisiting the relationship between 6 μm and 2-10 keV continuum luminosities of AGN
• Evolution of the Radio Loud Galaxy Population
• The Angular Two-Point Correlation Function for the FIRST Radio Survey
• The role of AGN in the colour transformation of galaxies at redshifts z~1
• Star Formation and AGN Activity in Galaxy Clusters from $z=1-2$: a Multi-wavelength Analysis Featuring $Herschel$/PACS
• The WISE properties of complete samples of radio-loud AGN
• Uncovering obscured luminous AGN with WISE
• The radio AGN population dichotomy: Green valley Seyferts versus red sequence low-excitation AGN
• Variance and Skewness in the FIRST survey
• AGN are cooler than you think: the intrinsic far-IR emission from QSOs
• Spitzer mid-IR spectroscopy of powerful 2Jy and 3CRR radio galaxies. I. Evidence against a strong starburst-AGN connection in radio-loud AGN
• Optical Counterparts for 70,000 Radio Sources: APM Identifications for the FIRST Radio Survey
• The Nuclear Infrared Emission of Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei
• Storm in a "Teacup": a radio-quiet quasar with ~10kpc radio-emitting bubbles and extreme gas kinematics
• An overview of jets and outflows in stellar mass black holes
• The link between accretion mode and environment in radio-loud active galaxies
• $\text{Herschel}$-ATLAS:The connection between star formation and AGN activity in radio-loud and radio-quiet active galaxies
• Revealing the heavily obscured AGN population of High Redshift 3CRR Sources with Chandra X-ray Observations
• The host galaxies of X-ray selected Active Galactic Nuclei to z=2.5: Structure, star-formation and their relationships from CANDELS and Herschel/PACS
• Shock heating in the nearby radio galaxy NGC 3801
• Ionized outflows in luminous type 2 AGNs at z<0.6: no evidence for significant impact on the host galaxies
• Numerical modelling of the lobes of radio galaxies in cluster environments - III. Powerful relativistic and nonrelativistic jets
• Radio-Quiet Quasars in the VIDEO Survey: Evidence for AGN-powered radio emission at S_1.4GHz < 1 mJy
• Mutual distance dependence drives the observed jet power - radio luminosity scaling relations in radio galaxies
• On The Efficiency of Jet Production in Radio Galaxies
• The Intrinsic Eddington Ratio Distribution of Active Galactic Nuclei in Star-forming Galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• The Mass and Spin of The Extreme Narrow Line Seyfert 1 Galaxy 1H 0707-495 and Its Implications for The Trigger for Relativistic Jets
• Herschel-ATLAS/GAMA: a difference between star-formation rates in strong-line and weak-line radio galaxies
• Long-term X-Ray Spectral Variability in AGN from the Palomar sample observed by Swift
• Quasar Probabilities and Redshifts from WISE mid-IR through GALEX UV Photometry
• Disks and Jets - Gravity, Rotation and Magnetic Fields
• Cross-correlation of the 2XMMi catalogue with Data Release 7 of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• VLSS Redux: Software Improvements applied to the Very Large Array Low-frequency Sky Survey
• Radio bubbles in the composite AGN-starburst galaxy NGC6764
• A wide search for obscured Active Galactic Nuclei using XMM-Newton and WISE
• The temperature dependence of the far-infrared-radio correlation in the Herschel-ATLAS
• The Radio/Mid-Infrared Correlation and the Contribution of 15-micron Galaxies to the 1.4-GHz Source Counts
• Markarian 6: shocking the environment of an intermediate Seyfert
• The 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey: The population of nearby radio galaxies at the 1 mJy level
• A large-scale shock surrounding a powerful radio galaxy
• Chandra evidence for AGN feedback in the spiral galaxy NGC 6764
• Evidence for feedback in action from the molecular gas content in the z~1.6 outflowing QSO XID2028
• Radio-loud AGN: is there a link between luminosity and cluster environment?
• The different neighbours around Type-1 and Type-2 active galactic nuclei
• Testing Black Hole Jet Scaling Relations in Low Luminosity AGN
• The clustering properties of radio-selected AGN and star-forming galaxies up to redshifts z~3
• Herschel-ATLAS: Far-infrared properties of radio-loud and radio-quiet quasars
• The triggering of local AGN and their role in regulating star formation
• Radio Jet Feedback and Star Formation in Heavily Obscured Quasars at Redshifts ~0.3-3, I: ALMA Observations
• An enhanced fraction of starbursting galaxies among high Eddington ratio AGNs
• Local Luminous Infrared Galaxies. III. Co-evolution of Black Hole Growth and Star Formation Activity?
• Is there any evidence that ionised outflows quench star formation in type 1 quasars at z<1?
• Shocks, Seyferts and the SNR connection: a Chandra observation of the Circinus galaxy
• Statistical evaluation of the flux cross-calibration of the XMM-Newton EPIC cameras
• Linking the X-ray and infrared properties of star-forming galaxies at z<1.5
• The Jet Power and Emission Line Correlations of Radio Loud Optically Selected Quasars
• Radio-AGN Feedback: When the Little Ones were Monsters
• The Mid-infrared Emission of Narrow-Line Active Galactic Nuclei: Star-Formation, Nuclear Activity and two populations revealed by WISE
• A Spectroscopic Survey of WISE-selected Obscured Quasars with the Southern African Large Telescope
• Cold-gas outflows in typical low-redshift galaxies are driven by star formation, not AGN
• Radio AGN in spiral galaxies
• Kiloparsec-scale radio emission in Seyfert and LINER galaxies
• Optical Spectroscopic Survey of High Latitude WISE Selected Sources
• Determining the radio AGN contribution to the radio-FIR correlation using the black hole fundamental plane relation
• The application of the Mid-IR radio correlation to the $\hat{G}$ sample and the search for advanced extraterrestrial civilisations
• X-ray observations of highly obscured 9.7 micron sources: an efficient method for selecting Compton-thick AGN ?
• The PEP Survey: Infrared Properties of Radio-Selected AGN
• The PEP Survey: evidence for intense star-forming activity in the majority of radio-selected AGN at z>~1
• Kinematic signatures of AGN feedback in moderately powerful radio galaxies at z~2 observed with SINFONI
• XMMFITCAT: The XMM-Newton spectral-fit database
• AGN in dusty hosts: implications for galaxy evolution
• Infrared colour properties of nearby radio-luminous galaxies
• X-ray properties of radio-selected star forming galaxies in the Chandra-COSMOS survey
• Hidden AGNs in Early-Type Galaxies
• An Updated Version of the Unified Radio Catalog: A Multi-Wavelength Radio and Optical Catalog of Quasars and Radio Galaxies
• Probing nuclear activity versus star formation at z~0.8 using near-infrared multi-object spectroscopy
• Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies: Supplemental Material
• HerMES: Disentangling active galactic nuclei and star formation in the radio source population

Cited by in corpus (68)

• The XMM-Newton serendipitous survey IX. The fourth XMM-Newton serendipitous source catalogue
• Revisiting the Fanaroff-Riley dichotomy and radio-galaxy morphology with the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS)
• The LoTSS view of radio AGN in the local Universe. The most massive galaxies are always switched on
• Quasars as standard candles III. Validation of a new sample for cosmological studies
• Radio-loud AGN in the first LoTSS data release: The lifetimes and environmental impact of jet-driven sources
• Quasars as standard candles I: The physical relation between disc and coronal emission
• FRII{\sl{CAT}}: A FIRST catalog of FR~II radio galaxies
• The WISE Extended Source Catalogue (WXSC) I: The 100 Largest Galaxies
• LeMMINGs. I. The eMERLIN legacy survey of nearby galaxies. 1.5-GHz parsec-scale radio structures and cores
• FR0CAT: a FIRST catalog of FR0 radio galaxies
• Kinematics and physical conditions of HI in nearby radio sources. The last survey of the old Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope
• Search and analysis of giant radio galaxies with associated nuclei (SAGAN) -- I : New sample and multi-wavelength studies
• LoTSS/HETDEX: Optical quasars I. Low-frequency radio properties of optically selected quasars
• The duty cycle of radio galaxies revealed by LOFAR: remnant and restarted radio source populations in the Lockman Hole
• Accretion mode versus radio morphology in the LOFAR Deep Fields
• Probabilistic multi-catalogue positional cross-match
• The most luminous blue quasars at $3.0<z<3.3$. I. A tale of two X-ray populations
• The life cycle of radio galaxies in the LOFAR Lockman Hole field
• Hubble diagram at higher redshifts: Model independent calibration of quasars
• Interstellar Medium and Star Formation of Starburst Galaxies on the Merger Sequence
• X-ray study of a sample of FR0 radio galaxies: unveiling the nature of the central engine
• AGN and their host galaxies in the local Universe: two mass independent Eddington ratio distribution functions characterize black hole growth
• XMMPZCAT: A catalogue of photometric redshifts for X-ray sources
• The Chandra view of the relation between X-ray and UV emission in quasars
• Radio sources associated with Optical Galaxies and having Unresolved or Extended morphologies (ROGUE). I. A catalog of SDSS galaxies with FIRST core identifications
• A Wide and Deep Exploration of Radio Galaxies with Subaru HSC (WERGS). II. Physical Properties derived from the SED Fitting with Optical, Infrared, and Radio Data
• A population of galaxy-scale jets discovered using LOFAR
• The Stripe 82 1-2 GHz Very Large Array Snapshot Survey: host galaxy properties and accretion rates of radio galaxies
• Decoding the giant extragalactic radio sources
• An X-ray survey of the 2Jy sample. II: X-ray emission from extended structures
• The Stripe 82 1-2 GHz Very Large Array Snapshot Survey: Multiwavelength Counterparts
• A Quick Look at the 3GHz Radio Sky. II. Hunting for DRAGNs in the VLA Sky Survey
• The Infrared and Radio Fluxes Densities of Galactic HII Regions
• Characterizing the local gamma-ray Universe via angular cross-correlations
• A Chandra Virgo cluster survey of spiral galaxies. I. Introduction to the survey and a new ULX sample
• AGN luminosity and stellar age -- two missing ingredients for AGN unification as seen with iPTF supernovae
• The $\text{Chandra}$ 3CR extragalactic survey at high redshift
• The Invisible AGN Catalogue: A Mid-Infrared - Radio Selection Method for Optically-Faint Active Galactic Nuclei
• Ionized Gas Outflows in Low Excitation Radio Galaxies Are Radiation Driven
• H I absorption towards radio Active Galactic Nuclei of different accretion modes
• MeerKAT follow-up of enigmatic GLEAM 4-Jy (G4Jy) sources
• Investigating the nature of INTEGRAL Gamma-ray Bursts and sub-threshold triggers with Swift follow up
• Identifying radio active galactic nuclei among radio-emitting galaxies
• Populations of highly variable X-ray sources in the XMM$-$Newton slew survey
• Unveiling the 100 pc scale nuclear radio structure of NGC 6217 with e-MERLIN and the VLA
• The Host Galaxies of Hybrid Morphology Radio Sources
• The AGN fraction in high-redshift protocluster candidates selected by Planck and Herschel
• Selection of powerful radio galaxies with machine learning
• The non-linear X-ray/UV relation in active galactic nuclei: contribution of instrumental effects on the X-ray variability
• Unveiling the Universe with Emerging Cosmological Probes
• Infrared-detected AGNs in the Local Universe
• Feedback from low-to-moderate luminosity radio-AGN with MaNGA
• Foreground and sensitivity analysis for broad band (2D) 21cm--Ly-alpha and 21cm--H-alpha correlation experiments probing the Epoch of Reionization
• Connecting the radio AGN life cycle to feedback: Ionised gas is more disturbed in young radio AGN
• Update of the INTEGRAL/IBIS AGN catalogue: deeper on the Galactic plane and wider beyond
• Identifying type II quasars at intermediate redshift with few-shot learning photometric classification
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Identification and Multiwavelength Properties of Type-1 AGN in the DR15 sample
• Radio Dichotomy in Quasars with H$\beta$ FWHM greater than $15,000$ km\,s${}^{-1}$
• Compact Steep Spectrum Radio Sources with Enhanced Star Formation are Smaller than $10$kpc
• Core prominence as a signature of restarted jet activity in the LOFAR radio-galaxy population
• Characterisation of AGN from the XMM-Newton Slew Survey
• Hosts and environments: a (large-scale) radio history of AGN and star-forming galaxies
• Finding LoTSS of hosts for GRBs: a search for galaxy - gamma-ray burst coincidences at low frequencies with LOFAR
• A (likely) X-ray jet from NGC6217 observed by XMM-Newton
• J-HERTz: J-PLUS Heritage Exploration of Radio Targets at z $<$ 5
• Radio Galaxy Zoo: Morphological classification by Fanaroff-Riley designation using self-supervised pre-training
• A GMRT 610 MHz radio survey of the North Ecliptic Pole (NEP, ADF-N) / Euclid Deep Field North
• Low-frequency-selected Fast Radio Burst Host Galaxy Candidates