Kinematics and physical conditions of HI in nearby radio sources. The last survey of the old Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope

Abstract

We present an analysis of the properties of neutral hydrogen (HI) in 248 nearby (0.02<z<0.25) radio galaxies with $S_{1.4\mathrm{GHz}}>30$ mJy and for which optical spectroscopy is available. The observations were carried out with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope as the last large project before the upgrade of the telescope with phased array feed receivers (Apertif). The sample covers almost four orders of magnitude in radio power from $\log P_{1.4\mathrm{GHz}}=22.5$ W Hz${}^{-1}$ and $26.2$ W Hz${}^{-1}$. We detect HI in absorption in $27\%\pm 5.5\%$ of the objects. The distribution and kinematics of the absorbing HI gas appear to depend on radio power, the properties of the radio continuum emission, and the dust content of the sources. Among the sources where HI is detected, gas with kinematics deviating from regular rotation is more likely found as the radio power increases. In these cases, the HI profile is often asymmetric with a significant blue-shifted component. This is particularly common for sources with $\log P_{1.4\mathrm{GHz}}>24$ W Hz${}^{-1}$, where the radio emission is small, possibly because these radio sources are young. The same is found for sources that are bright in the mid-infrared, i.e. sources rich in heated dust. In these sources, the HI is outflowing likely under the effect of the interaction with the radio emission. Conversely, in dust-poor galaxies, and in sources with extended radio emission, at all radio powers we only detect HI distributed in a rotating disk. Stacking experiments show that in sources for which we do not detect HI in absorption directly, the HI has a column density that is lower than $3.5\times 10^{17}(T_{\mathrm{spin}}/c_f)$ cm${}^{-2}$. We use our results to predict the number and type of HI absorption lines that will be detected by the upcoming surveys of the Square Kilometre Array precursors and pathfinders (Apertif, MeerKAT, and ASKAP).

22 pages, 15 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in A&A

References in corpus (29)

• Heating Hot Atmospheres with Active Galactic Nuclei
• Powerful Outflows and Feedback from Active Galactic Nuclei
• Science with ASKAP - the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder
• Radio sources in the 6dFGS: Local luminosity functions at 1.4 GHz for star-forming galaxies and radio-loud AGN
• Neutral hydrogen in nearby elliptical and lenticular galaxies: the continuing formation of early-type galaxies
• Fast outflows in compact radio sources: evidence for AGN-induced feedback in the early stages of radio source evolution
• The fast molecular outflow in the Seyfert galaxy IC5063 as seen by ALMA
• Probing radio source environments via HI and OH absorption
• AGN Flickering and Chaotic Accretion
• The MIXR sample: AGN activity versus star formation across the cross-correlation of WISE, 3XMM, and FIRST/NVSS
• The HI absorption "Zoo"
• Radio galaxies in the 2SLAQ Luminous Red Galaxy Survey: I. The evolution of low-power radio galaxies to z~0.7
• A search for HI absorption in nearby radio galaxies using HIPASS
• Another piece of the puzzle: the fast HI outflow in Mrk231
• Discovery of HI gas in a young radio galaxy at $z=0.44$ using the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder
• The HI Tully-Fisher Relation of Early-Type Galaxies
• Radio properties of Compact Steep Spectrum and GHz-Peaked Spectrum radio sources
• Jet-driven outflows of ionised gas in the nearby radio galaxy 3C293
• What triggers a radio AGN? The intriguing case of PKSB 1718-649
• Tracing jet--ISM interaction in young AGN: correlations between [OIII] 5007 and 5-GHz emission
• Probing the gas content of radio galaxies through HI absorption stacking
• Star Formation in Nearby Early-Type Galaxies: The Radio Continuum Perspective
• GPS/CSS radio sources and their relation to other AGN
• Relationships between the HI 21-cm line strength, MgII equivalent width and metallicity in damped Lyman-alpha absorption systems
• The warm molecular hydrogen of PKS B1718-649: feeding a newly born radio AGN
• Atomic and Molecular Absorption in Redshifted Radio Sources
• Outflowing atomic and molecular gas at $z\sim 0.67$ towards 1504+377
• Intermediate Inclinations of Type 2 Coronal-Line Forest AGN
• HI absorption towards low luminosity radio-loud AGNs of different accretion modes and WISE colours

Cited by in corpus (60)

• Compact steep-spectrum and peaked-spectrum radio sources
• The Many Routes to AGN Feedback
• Shaken Snow Globes: Kinematic Tracers of the Multiphase Condensation Cascade in Massive Galaxies, Groups, and Clusters
• MIGHTEE-HI: The HI emission project of the MeerKAT MIGHTEE survey
• The interstellar and circumnuclear medium of active nuclei traced by HI 21-cm absorption
• The life cycle of radio galaxies in the LOFAR Lockman Hole field
• The BINGO Project I: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations from Integrated Neutral Gas Observations
• MHONGOOSE -- A MeerKAT Nearby Galaxy HI Survey
• ALMA observations of AGN fuelling: the case of PKS B1718-649
• The First Large Absorption Survey in HI (FLASH): I. Science Goals and Survey Design
• Revolutionizing Our Understanding of AGN Feedback and its Importance to Galaxy Evolution in the Era of the Next Generation Very Large Array
• FLASH Early Science -- Discovery of an intervening HI 21-cm absorber from an ASKAP survey of the GAMA 23 field
• Blind HI and OH absorption line search: first results with MALS and uGMRT processed using ARTIP
• A Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope survey for associated HI 21-cm absorption in the Caltech-Jodrell Flat-spectrum sample
• A Search for Intrinsic HI 21 cm and OH 18 cm Absorption Toward Compact Radio Sources
• Ionised gas outflows over the radio AGN life cycle
• Prevalence of neutral gas in centres of merging galaxies
• MIGHTEE-HI: The first MeerKAT HI mass function from an untargeted interferometric survey
• Mapping the neutral atomic hydrogen gas outflow in the restarted radio galaxy 3C 236
• The parsec-scale HI outflows in powerful radio galaxies
• Prevalence of neutral gas in centres of merging galaxies-II: nuclear HI and multi-wavelength properties
• Revealing HI gas in emission and absorption on pc to kpc scales in a galaxy at z ~ 0.017
• An ASKAP survey for HI absorption towards dust-obscured quasars
• The HI absorption zoo: JVLA extension to $z\sim 0.4$
• MALS-NOT: Identifying Radio-Bright Quasars for the MeerKAT Absorption Line Survey
• A pilot search for extragalactic OH absorption with FAST
• Evolution of cold gas at 2<z<5: a blind search for HI and OH absorption lines towards mid-infrared color selected radio-loud AGNs
• uGMRT detection of associated HI 21 cm absorption at $z\approx 3.5$
• Massive Galaxy Mergers Have Distinctive Global HI Profiles
• Extragalactic HI 21-cm absorption line observations with the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope
• HI absorption at z~0.7 against the lobe of the powerful radio galaxy PKS 0409-75
• The mid-infrared properties and gas content of active galaxies over large look-back times
• MHONGOOSE discovery of a gas-rich low-surface brightness galaxy in the Dorado Group
• H I absorption towards radio Active Galactic Nuclei of different accretion modes
• New constraints on the evolution of the MHI-M* scaling relation combining CHILES and MIGHTEE-HI data
• FLASH Pilot Survey: Detections of associated 21 cm HI absorption in GAMA galaxies at 0.42 < z <1.00
• Detections of 21-cm absorption with a blind FAST survey at z $⩽$ 0.09
• uGMRT search for cold gas at z~1-1.4 towards red quasars
• Further Observational Evidence for a Critical Ionising Luminosity in Active Galaxies
• Does a radio jet drive the massive multi-phase outflow in the ultra-luminous infrared galaxy IRAS 10565+2448?
• Searching for HI around MHONGOOSE Galaxies via Spectral Stacking
• Intervening or associated? Machine learning classification of redshifted H I 21-cm absorption
• The AGN fuelling/feedback cycle in nearby radio galaxies - V. The cold atomic gas of NGC 3100 and its group
• Redshift evolution of the HI detection rate in radio-loud active galactic nuclei
• The potential of tracing the star formation history with HI 21-cm in intervening absorption systems
• Cold neutral hydrogen gas in galaxies
• The GMRT archive atomic gas survey -- I. Survey definition, methodology, and initial results from the pilot sample
• Connecting the radio AGN life cycle to feedback: Ionised gas is more disturbed in young radio AGN
• HI Absorption in Low-power Radio AGNs Detected by FAST
• The FAST HI 21-cm absorption blind survey. II. -- Statistic Exploration for Associated and Intervening systems
• Turbulent circumnuclear disc and cold gas outflow in the newborn radio source 4C 31.04
• FASHI: An untargeted survey of the 21 cm HI absorption galaxies with FAST
• HI 21-cm absorption in radio-loud AGN with double-peaked [OIII] emission
• On the scarcity of redshifted OH and millimetre-band molecular absorption
• A first quantification of the effects of absorption for HI Intensity Mapping experiments
• Apertif, Phased Array Feeds for the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope
• Atomic hydrogen reservoirs in quiescent galaxies at z = 0.4
• Investigating the Impacts of AGN Activities on Dwarf Galaxies with FAST HI Observations
• HI gas in the rejuvenated radio galaxy PKS 2014-55
• The gaseous natal environments of GPS and CSS sources with ASKAP -- FLASH