Brownian Carnot engine

Abstract

The Carnot cycle imposes a fundamental upper limit to the efficiency of a macroscopic motor operating between two thermal baths. However, this bound needs to be reinterpreted at microscopic scales, where molecular bio-motors and some artificial micro-engines operate. As described by stochastic thermodynamics, energy transfers in microscopic systems are random and thermal fluctuations induce transient decreases of entropy, allowing for possible violations of the Carnot limit. Despite its potential relevance for the development of a thermodynamics of small systems, an experimental study of microscopic Carnot engines is still lacking. Here we report on an experimental realization of a Carnot engine with a single optically trapped Brownian particle as working substance. We present an exhaustive study of the energetics of the engine and analyze the fluctuations of the finite-time efficiency, showing that the Carnot bound can be surpassed for a small number of non-equilibrium cycles. As its macroscopic counterpart, the energetics of our Carnot device exhibits basic properties that one would expect to observe in any microscopic energy transducer operating with baths at different temperatures. Our results characterize the sources of irreversibility in the engine and the statistical properties of the efficiency -an insight that could inspire novel strategies in the design of efficient nano-motors.

7 pages, 7 figures

References in corpus (12)

• The unlikely Carnot efficiency
• Dynamic Relaxation of a Levitated Nanoparticle from a Non-Equilibrium Steady State
• Efficiency statistics at all times: Carnot limit at finite power
• Adiabatic processes realized with a trapped Brownian particle
• Universal theory of efficiency fluctuations
• Optimal driving of isothermal processes close to equilibrium
• On the work distribution for the adiabatic compression of a dilute classical gas
• Efficiency and Large Deviations in Time-Asymmetric Stochastic Heat Engines
• Energy flow between two hydrodynamically coupled particles kept at different effective temperatures
• Continuity and boundary conditions in thermodynamics: From Carnot's efficiency to efficiencies at maximum power
• Realization of nonequilibrium thermodynamic processes using external colored noise
• Stochastic Efficiency for Effusion as a Thermal Engine

Cited by in corpus (258)

• A single-atom heat engine
• Universal trade-off between power, efficiency, and constancy in steady-state heat engines
• Universal trade-off relation between power and efficiency for heat engines
• Quantum absorption refrigerator with trapped ions
• A Micrometer-sized Heat Engine Operating Between Bacterial Reservoirs
• A spin heat engine coupled to a harmonic-oscillator flywheel
• Finite-time generalization of the thermodynamic uncertainty relation
• Quantum thermodynamic devices: from theoretical proposals to experimental reality
• Squeezed thermal reservoirs as a resource for a nano-mechanical engine beyond the Carnot limit
• Discrete-time thermodynamic uncertainty relation
• Engineered swift equilibration of a Brownian particle
• Inferring entropy production from short experiments
• Inferring dissipation from current fluctuations
• Cycling tames power fluctuations near optimum efficiency
• Irreversibility, heat and information flows induced by non-reciprocal interactions
• Estimating entropy production by machine learning of short-time fluctuating currents
• Thermodynamic Geometry of Microscopic Heat Engines
• Universal Coherence-Induced Power Losses of Quantum Heat Engines in Linear Response
• Work fluctuations and Jarzynski equality in stochastic resetting
• Experimental test of the differential fluctuation theorem and a generalized Jarzynski equality for arbitrary initial states
• Experimental Realization of a Minimal Microscopic Heat Engine
• Full counting statistics of vibrationally-assisted electronic conduction: transport and fluctuations of the thermoelectric efficiency
• Cost of counterdiabatic driving and work output
• Autonomous engines driven by active matter: Energetics and design principles
• Entropic bounds on currents in Langevin systems
• Faster uphill relaxation in thermodynamically equidistant temperature quenches
• Lossless Brownian information engine
• Path-integral formalism for stochastic resetting: Exactly solved examples and shortcuts to confinement
• Calibration and temperature measurement of levitated optomechanical sensors
• Optimal performance of periodically driven, stochastic heat engines under limited control
• Ice Rule and Emergent Frustration in Particle Ice and Beyond
• Universal constraint for efficiency and power of a low-dissipation heat engine
• Active Brownian Heat Engines
• Thermodynamics of Gambling Demons
• Maximum Efficiency of Low-Dissipation Heat Engines at Arbitrary Power
• Stochastic Stirling engine operating in contact with active baths
• A geometric approach to optimal nonequilibrium control: Minimizing dissipation in nanomagnetic spin systems
• Electrical Autonomous Brownian Gyrator
• Efficiency fluctuations of a quantum Otto engine
• Efficiency at and near Maximum Power of Low-Dissipation Heat Engines
• Driving rapidly while remaining in control: classical shortcuts from Hamiltonian to stochastic dynamics
• Variance Sum Rule for Entropy Production
• Microscopic Engine Powered by Critical Demixing
• Brownian duet: A novel tale of thermodynamic efficiency
• Active engines: Thermodynamics moves forward
• Phase transition in protocols minimizing work fluctuations
• Underdamped stochastic heat engine at maximum efficiency
• Near-optimal protocols in complex nonequilibrium transformations
• Thermodynamic cycles with active matter
• Equidistant quenches in few-level quantum systems
• Violation of TUR in a periodically driven work-to-work converter from weak to strong dissipation
• Heating and Cooling are Fundamentally Asymmetric and Evolve Along Distinct Pathways
• Integral Fluctuation Relations for Entropy Production at Stopping Times
• Estimating time-dependent entropy production from non-equilibrium trajectories
• A mechanical autonomous stochastic heat engine
• A non-equilibrium quantum many-body Rydberg atom engine
• Measuring the thermodynamic cost of timekeeping
• Coherences and the thermodynamic uncertainty relation: Insights from quantum absorption refrigerators
• A stochastic heat engine using an active particle
• From quantum heat engines to laser cooling: Floquet theory beyond the Born-Markov approximation
• Work and power fluctuations in a critical heat engine
• A geometric bound on the efficiency of irreversible thermodynamic cycles
• Collective effects enhancing power and efficiency
• Physically consistent numerical solver for time-dependent Fokker-Planck equations
• Fluctuations in heat engines
• Carnot efficiency is reachable in an irreversible process
• Thermal bath Engineering for Swift Equilibration
• Underdamped Active Brownian Heat Engine
• Active Colloids in Harmonic Optical Potentials
• Fast equilibrium switch of a micro mechanical oscillator
• Collective effects on the performance and stability of quantum heat engines
• Efficiency fluctuations and noise induced refrigerator-to-heater transition in information engines
• Power fluctuations in a finite-time quantum Carnot engine
• Optimal work in a harmonic trap with bounded stiffness
• Thermodynamic cost and benefit of memory
• Stochastic Work Extraction in a colloidal heat engine in presence of colored noise
• Achieve Higher Efficiency at Maximum Power with Finite-time Quantum Otto Cycle
• Diverging, but negligible power at Carnot efficiency: theory and experiment
• Extracting maximum power from active colloidal heat engines
• Non-equilibrium fluctuations and nonlinear response of an active bath
• Efficiency fluctuations of stochastic machines undergoing a phase transition
• Information engine in a nonequilibrium bath
• Engineered Swift Equilibration of a Brownian Gyrator
• Engineered Swift Equilibration for Brownian objects: from underdamped to overdamped dynamics
• Second law for active heat engines
• Fast forward approach to stochastic heat engine
• Experimental realization of Feynman's ratchet
• Optical tweezers as a mathematically driven spatio-temporal potential generator
• Finite-time adiabatic processes: derivation and speed limit
• Building an irreversible Carnot-like heat engine with an overdamped harmonic oscillator
• Arbitrarily slow, non-quasistatic, isothermal transformations
• Finite-Time Thermodynamics of Fluctuations in Microscopic Heat Engines
• Optimal finite-time Brownian Carnot engine
• Lindblad-Floquet description of finite-time quantum heat engines
• Stochastic thermodynamics of self-oscillations: the electron shuttle
• Abstract models for heat engines
• Efficiency statistics of a quantum Otto cycle
• Approaching Carnot efficiency at maximum power in linear response regime
• Nonequilibrium control of thermal and mechanical changes in a levitated system
• Tuning the performance of a micrometer-sized Stirling engine through reservoir engineering
• Optimizing Thermodynamic Cycles with Two Finite-Sized Reservoirs
• Thermodynamics and optimal protocols of multidimensional quadratic Brownian systems
• Arcsine Laws in Stochastic Thermodynamics
• Autonomous implementation of thermodynamic cycles at the nanoscale
• Mapping current fluctuations of stochastic pumps to nonequilibrium steady states
• Relativistic quantum heat engine from uncertainty relation standpoint
• Kovacs memory effect with an optically levitated nanoparticle
• Dynamical heat engines with non--Markovian reservoirs
• Continuous Measurement Boosted Adiabatic Quantum Thermal Machines
• Minimal two-body quantum absorption refrigerator
• Periodically driven jump processes conditioned on large deviations
• Work and reversibility in quantum thermodynamics
• Brownian thermal transistors and refrigerators in mesoscopic systems
• The underdamped Brownian duet and stochastic linear irreversible thermodynamics
• Stochastic efficiency of an isothermal work-to-work converter engine
• Maximum Power Output of Quantum Heat Engine with Energy Bath
• Driven probe under harmonic confinement in a colloidal bath
• Stochastic Heat Engine Powered By Active Dissipation
• Level 2.5 large deviations for continuous time Markov chains with time periodic rates
• Thermodynamics at the microscale: from effective heating to the Brownian Carnot engine
• Inelastic thermoelectric transport and fluctuations in mesoscopic system
• Maximal power for heat engines: role of asymmetric interaction times
• Thermodynamics of one and two-qubit nonequilibrium heat engines running between squeezed thermal reservoirs
• Functionals in stochastic thermodynamics: how to interpret stochastic integrals
• Heat leakage in overdamped harmonic systems
• Optimisation of an active heat engine
• Efficiency of a cyclic quantum heat engine with finite-size baths
• Numerically "exact" simulations of a quantum Carnot cycle: Analysis using thermodynamic work diagrams
• A microscopic theory of Curzon-Ahlborn heat engine
• Stochastic thermodynamics of periodically driven systems: Fluctuation theorem for currents and unification of two classes
• Obtaining efficient thermal engines from interacting Brownian particles under time dependent periodic drivings
• Fluctuations of entropy production of a run-and-tumble particle
• Taming the time evolution in overdamped systems: shortcuts elaborated from fast-forward and time-reversed protocols
• Optimal protocols and universal time-energy bound in Brownian thermodynamics
• Quantum jump approach to microscopic heat engines
• Measurement-based quantum thermal machines with feedback control
• Work extraction and performance of colloidal heat engines in viscoelastic baths
• Landauer Principle and Thermodynamics of Computation
• Brownian particle in a Poisson-shot-noise active bath: exact statistics, effective temperature, and inference
• Thermodynamics and steady state of quantum motors and pumps far from equilibrium
• Efficiency of isothermal active matter engines: Strong driving beats weak driving
• Thermal brachistochrone for harmonically confined Brownian particles
• Current fluctuations in nonequilibrium discontinuous phase transitions
• Efficiency at maximum power of a Carnot quantum information engine
• Probing coherent quantum thermodynamics using a trapped ion
• Enhanced directionality of active processes in a viscoelastic bath
• Performance of the collective three-level quantum thermal engine
• Effective temperature pulses in open quantum systems
• Optimal time-entropy bounds and speed limits for Brownian thermal shortcuts
• Correlation-boosted quantum engine: A proof-of-principle demonstration
• Efficiency large deviation function of quantum heat engines
• Quantifying the validity and breakdown of the overdamped approximation in stochastic thermodynamics: Theory and experiment
• A large deviation perspective on ratio observables in reset processes: robustness of rate functions
• Exactly solvable model of a passive Brownian heat engine and its comparison with active engines
• Efficiency fluctuations of small machines with unknown losses
• Performance of optimal linear-response processes in driven Brownian motion far from equilibrium
• Optically Controlled Stochastic Jumps of Individual Gold Nanorod Rotary Motors
• Solution to the Fokker-Planck equation for slowly driven Brownian motion: Emergent geometry and a formula for the corresponding thermodynamic metric
• Exact statistics and thermodynamic uncertainty relations for a periodically driven electron pump
• Subharmonic oscillations in stochastic systems under periodic driving
• Optimal power extraction from active particles with hidden states
• Optimization of stochastic thermodynamic machines
• Study of bounds on non-equilibrium fluctuations for asymmetrically driven quantum Otto engine
• Thermodynamics of energy, charge and spin currents in thermoelectric quantum-dot spin valve
• Optimizing Brownian heat engine with shortcut strategy
• Optimal finite-time heat engines under constrained control
• Thermodynamic bounds on generalized transport: From single-molecule to bulk observables
• The Heat Distribution of the Underdamped Langevin Equation
• Thermally induced passage and current of particles in a highly unstable optical potential
• Germanium microparticles as optically induced oscillators in optical tweezers
• Maximum efficiency of low-dissipation refrigerators at arbitrary cooling power
• Asymmetric Thermal Relaxation in Driven Systems: Rotations go Opposite Ways
• Transport and energetic properties of a ring of interacting spins coupled to heat baths
• A Minimal Model for Carnot Efficiency at Maximum Power
• Optimal control of uniformly heated granular fluids in linear response
• Modeling the Efficiency and Effective Temperature of Bacterial Heat Engines
• Thermodynamic Geometry of Nonequilibrium Fluctuations in Cyclically Driven Transport
• Microscopic thermal machines using run-and-tumble particles
• Nonergodic Brownian oscillator
• Microscopic low-dissipation heat engine via shortcuts to adiabaticity and shortcuts to isothermality
• Instantaneous equilibrium Transport for Brownian systems under time-dependent temperature and potential variations: Reversibility, Heat and work relations, and Fast Isentropic process
• Fine features of optical potential well induced by nonlinearity
• Stochastic thermodynamics of inertial-like Stuart-Landau dimer
• Optimal Control of Underdamped Systems: An Analytic Approach
• Generalized Quantum Fluctuation Theorem for Energy Exchange
• Variance sum rule: proofs and solvable models
• Optimal work extraction and mutual information in a generalized Szilárd engine
• Fluctuations and stability of a fast driven Otto cycle
• Survival and extreme statistics of work, heat, and entropy production in steady-state heat engines
• Single active particle engine utilizing a non-reciprocal coupling between particle's position and self-propulsion
• Experimental characterization of autonomous heat engine based on minimal dynamical-system model
• Quality of the Thermodynamic Uncertainty Relation for Fast and Slow Driving
• Fluctuation theorem for entropy production of a partial system in the weak coupling limit
• Self-consistency of optimizing finite-time Carnot engines with the low-dissipation model
• Relation between fluctuations and efficiency at maximum power for small heat engines
• Efficiency of a microscopic heat engine subjected to stochastic resetting
• Maximum efficiency of absorption refrigerators at arbitrary cooling power
• Experimental verification of Arcsine laws in mesoscopic non-equilibrium and active systems
• Generalized Continuous Maxwell Demons
• Carnot, Stirling, Ericsson stochastic heat engines: Efficiency at maximum power
• Heat and charge transport in interacting nanoconductors driven by time-modulated temperatures
• Exact distribution for work and stochastic efficiency of an isothermal machine
• Towards Stirling engine using an optically confined particle subjected to asymmetric temperature profile
• Gambling Carnot Engine
• Failure of the geometric approach prediction of excess work scaling for open and isolated quantum systems
• Geometric Brownian Information Engine: Essentials for the best performance
• Quantum Parametric Oscillator Heat Engines in Squeezed Thermal Baths: Foundational Theoretical Issues
• Driven anisotropic diffusion at boundaries: noise rectification and particle sorting
• Characterization and optimization of heat engines: Pareto-optimal fronts and universal features
• Obtaining efficient collisional engines via velocity dependent drivings
• Quantum signatures in quadratic optomechanical heat engine with an atom in a tapered trap
• Partially Observable Szilard Engines
• Robust control of linear systems and shortcut to adiabaticity based on superoscillations
• Fractional Quantum Heat Engine
• Correlation-enhanced Stability of Microscopic Cyclic Heat Engines
• Inferring the Langevin Equation with Uncertainty via Bayesian Neural Networks
• Active-passive mixtures with bulk loading: a minimal active engine in one dimension
• Minimum time connection between non-equilibrium steady states: the Brownian gyrator
• Motional studies of one and two laser-cooled trapped ions for electric-field sensing applications
• Engineering Ratchet-Based Particle Separation via Shortcuts to Isothermality
• Heat flux direction controlled by power-law oscillators under non-Gaussian fluctuations
• Realization of all-optical underdamped stochastic Stirling engine
• Optimization of a class of heat engines with explicit solution
• Local detailed balance for active particle models
• Stochastic Thermodynamics and Hierarchy of Fluctuation Theorems with Multiple Reservoirs
• Artificially intelligent Maxwell's demon for optimal control of open quantum systems
• Precisely controlled colloids: A playground for path-wise non-equilibrium physics
• Diffusiophoresis driven colloidal manipulation and shortcuts to adiabaticity
• A Numerical Method to Find the Optimal Thermodynamic Cycle in Microscopic Heat Engine
• Multi-scale model predicting friction of crystalline materials
• Operational characteristics of single particle heat engines and refrigerators with time asymmetric protocol
• Stochastic efficiency of thermodiffusion: an extended local equilibrium approach
• Role of interactions in non-equilibrium transformations
• Effects of the kinetic energy in heat for overdamped systems
• Heat statistics in the relaxation process of the Edwards-Wilkinson elastic manifold
• Universal relations and bounds for fluctuations in quasistatic small heat engines
• Coercivity Landscape Characterizes Dynamic Hysteresis
• Revisiting Endo-reversible Carnot engine: Extending the Yvon engine
• Active Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Model for Bacterial Heat Engines
• Optimal constrained control for generally damped Brownian heat engines
• Heat engine model exhibit super-universal feature and capture the efficiencies of different power plants
• Violation of detailed balance in microwave circuits: theory and experiment
• Brownian-motion approach to statistical mechanics: Langevin equations, fluctuations, and timescales
• Decomposition of metric tensor in thermodynamic geometry in terms of relaxation timescales
• Dynamics of a Mechanical System with Multiple Degrees of Freedom out of Thermal Equilibrium
• Optimizing low-dissipation Carnot-like thermal devices with heat leak
• Thermodynamic Emergence of a Brownian Motor
• Accelerating the heat diffusion: fast thermal relaxation of a microcantilever
• Spin-mechanical thermal machines
• Irreversible Work Reduction by Disorder in Many-Body Quantum Systems
• Exploring outputs from concatenated stochastic heat engines
• On the numerical integration of the Fokker-Planck equation driven by a mechanical force and the Bismut-Elworthy-Li formula
• Optimizing power and efficiency of a single spin heat engine
• One-particle engine with a porous piston
• Optimal control strategy for collisional Brownian engines
• Quantum Otto engines at relativistic energies
• Memory-aware feedback enhances power in active information engines
• Optimal power and efficiency of odd engines