Cryogenic Control Architecture for Large-Scale Quantum Computing

Abstract

Solid-state qubits have recently advanced to the level that enables them, in-principle, to be scaled-up into fault-tolerant quantum computers. As these physical qubits continue to advance, meeting the challenge of realising a quantum machine will also require the engineering of new classical hardware and control architectures with complexity far beyond the systems used in today's few-qubit experiments. Here, we report a micro-architecture for controlling and reading out qubits during the execution of a quantum algorithm such as an error correcting code. We demonstrate the basic principles of this architecture in a configuration that distributes components of the control system across different temperature stages of a dilution refrigerator, as determined by the available cooling power. The combined setup includes a cryogenic field-programmable gate array (FPGA) controlling a switching matrix at 20 millikelvin which, in turn, manipulates a semiconductor qubit.

8 pages, 6 figures

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• A widely tunable parametric amplifier based on a SQUID array resonator
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• Widely tunable, non-degenerate three-wave mixing microwave device operating near the quantum limit
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Cited by in corpus (74)

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• Digital quantum simulation of spin models with circuit quantum electrodynamics
• Superconducting Gatemon Qubit based on a Proximitized Two-Dimensional Electron Gas
• Efficient Bayesian Phase Estimation
• Scalable quantum circuit and control for a superconducting surface code
• Semiconductor Quantum Computation
• Microwaves in Quantum Computing
• Cryogenic Memory Technologies
• The impact of classical control electronics on qubit fidelity
• Probing quantum devices with radio-frequency reflectometry
• Near-Term Quantum Computing Techniques: Variational Quantum Algorithms, Error Mitigation, Circuit Compilation, Benchmarking and Classical Simulation
• An Experimental Microarchitecture for a Superconducting Quantum Processor
• Superconducting switch for fast on-chip routing of quantum microwave fields
• Neural-Network Decoders for Quantum Error Correction using Surface Codes:A Space Exploration of the Hardware Cost-Performance Trade-Offs
• A Reconfigurable Cryogenic Platform for the Classical Control of Scalable Quantum Computers
• Flexible superconducting Nb transmission lines on thin film polyimide for quantum computing applications
• Low-Latency Digital Signal Processing for Feedback and Feedforward in Quantum Computing and Communication
• A superconducting switch actuated by injection of high energy electrons
• Distributed Quantum Computing and Network Control for Accelerated VQE
• Colossal Nernst power factor in topological semimetal NbSb${}_2$
• Robust Single-Shot Spin Measurement with 99.5% Fidelity in a Quantum Dot Array
• A CMOS dynamic random access architecture for radio-frequency readout of quantum devices
• An FPGA-based Instrumentation Platform for use at Deep Cryogenic Temperatures
• Overcoming I/O bottleneck in superconducting quantum computing: multiplexed qubit control with ultra-low-power, base-temperature cryo-CMOS multiplexer
• On-Chip Josephson Junction Microwave Switch
• Quantum Computing: An Overview Across the System Stack
• Voltage-Controlled Superconducting Quantum Bus
• Practical adaptive quantum tomography
• Radiative cooling of a superconducting resonator
• Flopping-mode electric dipole spin resonance
• Independent, extensible control of same-frequency superconducting qubits by selective broadcasting
• Control Electronics For Semiconductor Spin Qubits
• Is all-electrical silicon quantum computing feasible in the long term?
• Josephson junction microwave modulators for qubit control
• Lattice Surgery Translation for Quantum Computation
• A singlet-triplet hole-spin qubit in MOS silicon
• Observation of Highly Nonlinear Resistive Switching of Al2O3/TiO2-x Memristors at Cryogenic Temperature (1.5 K)
• Conditional dispersive readout of a CMOS quantum dot via an integrated transistor circuit
• Microwave-multiplexed qubit controller using adiabatic superconductor logic
• CMOS on-chip thermometry at deep cryogenic temperatures
• Demonstration of a superconducting nanowire microwave switch
• CMOS Quantum Computing: Toward A Quantum Computer System-on-Chip
• 30 GHz-voltage controlled oscillator operating at 4 K
• A high-sensitivity charge sensor for silicon qubits above one kelvin
• Estimation of coherent error sources from stabilizer measurements
• Self-heating of cryogenic high-electron-mobility transistor amplifiers and the limits of microwave noise performance
• A Review on Quantum Computing: Qubits, Cryogenic Electronics and Cryogenic MOSFET Physics
• A compact and tunable forward coupler based on high-impedance superconducting nanowires
• A fast and large bandwidth superconducting variable coupler
• Conductive filament evolution dynamics revealed by cryogenic (1.5 K) multilevel switching of CMOS-compatible Al2O3/TiO2 resistive memories
• Light-dressing of a diatomic superconducting artificial molecule
• Bayesian inference via rejection filtering
• 50 Ohm Transmission Lines with Extreme Wavelength Compression Based on Superconducting Nanowires on High-Permittivity Substrates
• Sensing dot with high output swing for scalable baseband readout of spin qubits
• Design and operation of CMOS-compatible electron pumps fabricated with optical lithography
• Wide dynamic range charge sensor operation by high-speed feedback control of radio-frequency reflectometry
• Advantages of a modular high-level quantum programming framework
• Exploring a Double Full-Stack Communications-Enabled Architecture for Multi-Core Quantum Computers
• Depth-Optimal Addressing of 2D Qubit Array with 1D Controls Based on Exact Binary Matrix Factorization
• Cryogenic Characerization and Modeling of Standard CMOS down to Liquid Helium Temperature for Quantum Computing
• Cryo-CMOS Band-gap Reference Circuits for Quantum Computing
• Hardware-level Interfaces for Hybrid Quantum-Classical Computing Systems
• The role of master clock stability in scalable quantum information processing
• n-Qubit Operations on Sphere and Queueing Scaling Limits for Programmable Quantum Computer
• A functional basis for efficient physical-layer classical control in quantum processors
• QECOOL: On-Line Quantum Error Correction with a Superconducting Decoder for Surface Code
• Overhead in Quantum Circuits with Time-Multiplexed Qubit Control
• Characterization of self-heating in cryogenic high electron mobility transistors using Schottky thermometry
• Conceptual study of a two-layer silicon pixel detector to tag the passage of muons from cosmic sources through quantum processors
• Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing for simultaneous gate operations on multiple qubits via a shared control line