Polar Network Index as a magnetic proxy for the solar cycle studies

Abstract

The Sun has a polar magnetic field which oscillates with the 11 year sunspot cycle. This polar magnetic field is an important component of the dynamo process which is operating in the solar convection zone and produces the sunspot cycle. We have systematic direct measurements of the Sun's polar magnetic field only from about mid 1970s. There are, however, indirect proxies which give us information about this field at earlier times. The Ca K spectroheliograms taken in Kodaikanal Solar Observatory during 1904 - 2007 have now been digitized with the 4k x 4k CCD and have higher resolution (0.86 arcsec) than the other available historical datasets. From these Ca-K spectroheliograms, we have developed a completely new proxy (Polar Network Index, PNI) for the Sun's polar magnetic field. We calculate the PNI from the digitized images using an automated algorithm and calibrate our measured PNI against the polar field as measured by the Wilcox Solar Observatory for the period of 1976 - 1990. This calibration allows us to estimate polar fields for the earlier period up to 1904. The dynamo calculations done with this proxy as input data reproduce the Sun's magnetic behavior for the past century reasonably well.

arXiv comment19 pages, 5 figures Accepted for publication in APJL

References in corpus (6)

• Solar activity forecast with a dynamo model
• Calibrating 100 Years of Polar Faculae Measurements: Implications for the Evolution of the Heliospheric Magnetic Field
• Importance of Meridional Circulation in Flux Transport Dynamo: The Possibility of a Maunder-like Grand Minimum
• The Waldmeier effect and the flux transport solar dynamo
• The origin of the solar magnetic cycle
• The Association of Polar Faculae with Polar Magnetic Patches Examined with Hinode Observations

Cited by in corpus (30)

• Solar cycle prediction
• Solar Cycle Variability Induced by Tilt Angle Scatter in a Babcock--Leighton Solar Dynamo Model
• Models for the long-term variations of solar activity
• Double-peaks of the solar cycle: An explanation from a dynamo model
• Long-term modulation of solar cycles
• Inflation in a closed universe
• Magnetic field dependence of bipolar magnetic region tilts on the Sun: Indication of tilt quenching
• Butterfly Diagram and Carrington Maps for Century-Long Ca II K Spectroheliograms from Kodaikanal Observatory
• The polar precursor method for solar cycle prediction: comparison of predictors and their temporal range
• Precursors of an upcoming solar cycle at high latitudes from coronal green line data
• Dynamo saturation through the latitudinal variation of bipolar magnetic regions in the Sun
• Correlation between Decay Rate and Amplitude of Solar Cycles as Revealed from Observations and Dynamo Theory
• A New Formula for Predicting Solar Cycles
• Latitude Distribution of Sunspots: Analysis Using Sunspot Data and A Dynamo Model
• Physical link of the polar field build-up with the Waldmeier effect broadens the scope of early solar cycle prediction: Cycle 25 is likely to be slightly stronger than Cycle 24
• Is the Hemispheric Asymmetry of Monthly Sunspot Area an Irregular Process with Long-Term Memory?
• Long-Term Evolution of the Sun's magnetic field during Cycles 15--19 based on their proxies from Kodaikanal Solar Observatory
• Stellar Dynamos with Solar and Anti-solar Differential Rotations: Implications to Magnetic Cycles of Slowly Rotating Stars
• Exploring cycle period and parity of stellar magnetic activity with dynamo modeling
• Dynamo modelling for cycle variability and occurrence of grand minima in Sun-like stars: Rotation rate dependence
• Supercriticality of the dynamo limits the memory of the polar field to one cycle
• Recent advances in the 3D kinematic Babcock-Leighton solar dynamo modeling
• Probing the variations in the timing of the Sun's polar magnetic field reversals through observations and surface flux transport simulations
• Signature of Extended Solar Cycles as Detected from Ca II K Synoptic Maps of Kodaikanal and Mount Wilson Observatory
• Subcritical dynamo and hysteresis in a Babcock-Leighton type kinematic dynamo model
• Two New Methods for Counting and Tracking the Evolution of Polar Faculae
• Effects of Observational Data Shortage on Accuracy of Global Solar Activity Forecast
• Solar Cycle Prediction: Challenges, Progress, and Future Perspectives
• The Sun's polar magnetic field: datasets, proxies and theoretical issues
• Evolution of the Sun's activity and the poleward transport of remnant magnetic flux in Cycles 21--24